SGI Developer Toolbox 6.1/SGI Developer Toolbox 6.1 - Disc 4.iso/FAQs/netfaqs/X-faq

Text File | 1994-08-01 | 266KB | 5,372 lines

Newsgroups: comp.windows.x,news.answers,comp.answers
Path: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!hookup!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!uunet!visual!dbl
From: [e-mail] (David B. Lewis)
Subject: comp.windows.x Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
Followup-To: poster
Summary: useful information about the X Window System
Reply-To: [e-mail] (X FAQ maintenance address)
Organization: VISUAL, Inc.
Date: Fri, 4 Mar 1994 14:27:07 GMT
Approved: [e-mail]
Expires: Sun, 3 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT
Lines: 909
Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu comp.windows.x:22112 news.answers:16014 comp.answers:4031

Last-modified: 1994/03/03

This article and several following contain the answers to some Frequently Asked
Questions (FAQ) often seen in comp.windows.x. It is posted to help reduce
volume in this newsgroup and to provide hard-to-find information of general
interest.

        Please redistribute this article!

This article includes answers to the following questions, which are loosely
grouped into categories. Questions marked with a + indicate questions new to
this issue; those with significant changes of content since the last issue are
marked by !:

  0)  TOPIC: BASIC INFORMATION SOURCES AND DEFINITIONS
  1)! What books and articles on X are good for beginners?
  2)  What courses on X and various X toolkits are available?
  3)  What conferences on X are coming up?
  4)  What X-related public mailing lists are available?
  5)  How can I meet other X developers? (What X user groups are there?)
  6)  What related FAQs are available?
  7)  How do I ask a net-question so as to maximize helpful responses?
  8)  What publications discussing X are available?
  9)  What are these common abbreviations/acronyms?
 10)  What is the ICCCM? (How do I write X-friendly applications?)
 11)  What is the X Consortium, and how do I join?
 12)  Just what are OPEN LOOK and Motif?
 13)  What is "low-bandwidth X" (LBX)? XRemote? PPP? SLIP? CSLIP?
 14)  TOPIC: USING X IN DAY-TO-DAY LIFE
 15)! What are all these different window managers?
 16)  Why does my X session exit when I kill my window manager (sic)?
 17)  Can I save the state of my X session, like toolplaces does?
 18)  How do I use another window manager with DEC's session manager?
 19)! How do I change the keyboard auto-repeat rate?
 20)  How do I remap the keys on my keyboard to produce a string?
 21)  How do I make a screendump or print my application (including menus)?
 22)  How do I make a color PostScript screendump of the X display?
 23)  How do I make a screendump including the X cursor?
 24)  How do I convert or view Mac/TIFF/GIF/Sun/PICT/img/FAX images in X?
 25)  Where can I get an X-based 3-D object viewer?
 26)  How can I change the titlebar of my xterm window?
 27)  Where can I find the xterm control sequences?
 28)  How can I use characters above ASCII 127 in xterm ?
 29)  Why are my xterm menus so small (sic) ?
 30)  How can I print the current X selection?
 31)  How does Xt use environment variables in loading resources?
 32)  How to I have xdm put a picture behind the log-in window?
 33)  Why isn't my PATH set when xdm runs my .xsession file?
 34)  How do I keep my $DISPLAY when I rlogin to another machine?
 35)! How can I design my own font?
 36)  Why does adding a font to the server not work (sic)?
 37)  How do I convert a ".snf" font back to ".bdf" font?
 38)  What is a general method of getting a font in usable format?
 39)  How do I use DECwindows fonts on my non-DECwindows server?
 40)  How can I set backgroundPixmap in a defaults file? (What is XPM?)
 41)  Why can't I override translations? Only the first item works. (sic)
 42)  How can I have a clock show different timezones?
 43)  I have xmh, but it doesn't work. Where can I get MH?
 44)  Why am I suddenly unable to connect to my Sun X server?
 45)  Why don't the R5 PEX demos work on my mono screen?
 46)  How do I get my Sun Type-[45] keyboard fully supported by Xsun?
 47)  How do I report bugs in X?
 48)  Why do I get "Warning: Widget class version mismatch"?
 49)+  Why does my SPARC say "Mapping cg3c: No such device or address"?
 50)  Where can I find a dictionary server for xwebster?
 51)  TOPIC: OBTAINING X AND RELATED SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
 52)  Is X public-domain software?
 53)  How compatible are X11R3, R4, and R5? What changes are there?
 54)  When is X11R6 rumored to be available?
 55)  When is Fresco rumored to be available?
 56)  Where can I get X11R5 (source and/or binaries)?
 57)  Where can I get XDM's Wraphelp.c ?
 58)  Where can I get patches to X11R5?
 59)  What is the xstuff mail-archive?
 60)  Where can I get X11R4 (source and binaries)?
 61)  Where can I get OSF/Motif?
 62)  Does Motif work with X11R4? X11R5?
 63)  Where can I get toolkits implementing OPEN LOOK?
 64)  Where can I get other X sources? (including R5 modifications)
 65)! Where can I get interesting widgets?
 66)  Where can I get a good file-selector widget?
 67)  Where can I find a hypertext widget in source code?
 68)  What widget is appropriate to use as a drawing canvas?
 69)  What is the current state of the world in X terminals?
 70)  Where can I get an X server with a touchscreen or lightpen?
 71)  Where can I get an X server on a PC (DOS or Unix)?
 72)  Where can I get an X server on a Macintosh running MacOS?
 73)  Where can I get X for the Amiga?
 74)  Where can I get a serial-based X server for connecting from home?
 75)  Where can I get a fast X server for a workstation?
 76)  Where can I get a server for my high-end Sun graphics board?
 77)  Where can I get an "X terminal" server for my low-end Sun 3/50?
 78)  What terminal emulators other than xterm are available?
 79)  Does xterm offer colored text or a blinking cursor?
 80)! Where can I get an X-based editor or word-processor?
 81)  Where can I get an X-based mailer?
 82)! Where can I get an X-based paint/draw program?
 83)  Where can I get an X-based plotting program?
 84)  Where can I get an X-based graph-drawing program?
 85)  Where can I get an X-based spreadsheet?
 86)  Where can I get X-based project-management software?
 87)! Where can I get an X-based PostScript previewer?
 88)  Where can I get an X-based GKS package?
 89)  Where can I get an X-based GL package?
 90)  Where can I get an X-based PEX package?
 91)  Where can I get an X-based TeX or DVI previewer?
 92)  Where can I get an X-based troff previewer?
 93)! Where can I get a WYSIWYG interface builder (or other shortcuts)?
 94)  Where can I find X tools callable from shell scripts?
 95)  Where can I get an X-based debugger?
 96)  How can I "tee" an X program identically to several displays?
 97)  Can I use C++ with X11? Motif? XView?
 98)  Where can I obtain alternate language bindings to X/Xt/Motif?
 99)  TOPIC: BUILDING THE X DISTRIBUTION [topic needs updating to R5]
100)  What's a good source of information on configuring the X build?
101)  Why doesn't my Sun with a cg6 work with R5?
102)  Why doesn't my Sun with SunOS 4.1 know about _dlsym, etc.?
103)  What is this "_get_wmShellWidgetClass undefined" error?
104)  What's this problem with undefined _X symbols on SunOS 4.1.3?
105)  Why does cc get used when I build X11R5 with gcc?
106)  Why can't gcc 1.x compile X11R4 on my SPARC?
107)  What are these I/O errors running X built with gcc?
108)  What are these problems compiling X11R4 on the older Sun3?
109)  What are these problems compiling the X server on SunOS 4.1.1?
110)  What are these problems using R4 shared libraries on SunOS 4?
111)  Can OLIT programs run with R5 Xt? (_XtQString undefined)
112)  How do I get around the SunOS 4.1 security hole?
113)  How do I get around the frame-buffer security hole?
114)  TOPIC: BUILDING X PROGRAMS
115)  What is Imake?
116)  Where can I get imake?
117)  I have a program with an Imakefile but no Makefile. What to do?
118)  Why can't I link to the Xlib shape routines?
119)  What are these problems with "_XtInherit not found" on the Sun?
120)  TOPIC: PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS AND PUZZLES
121)  Why doesn't my program get the keystrokes I select for (sic)?
122)  How do I deiconify a window?
123)  How do I figure out what window manager is running?
124)  Is there a skeleton X program available?
125)  Why does XtGetValues not work for me (sic)?
126)  Why don't XtConfigureWidget/XtResizeWidget/XtMoveWidget work?
127)  Why isn't there an XtReparentWidget call like XReparentWindow?
128)  I'm writing a widget and can't use a float as a resource value.
129)  Is this a memory leak in the X11R4 XtDestroyWidget()?!
130)  Is this a memory leak in the X11R4 deletion of work procs?!
131)  Why does the process size of my X programs go up,up,up?
132)  Are callbacks guaranteed to be called in the order registered?
133)  Why doesn't XtDestroyWidget() actually destroy the widget?
134)  How do I query the user synchronously using Xt?
135)  How do I determine the name of an existing widget?
136)  Why do I get a BadDrawable error drawing to XtWindow(widget)?
137)  Where can I get documentation on Xaw, the Athena widget set?
138)  What's the difference between actions and callbacks?
139)  How do I simulate a button press/release event for a widget?
140)  Can I make Xt or Xlib calls from a signal handler?
141)  What are these "Xlib sequence lost" errors?
142)  How can my Xt program handle socket, pipe, or file input?
143)  Why do I get a BadMatch error when calling XGetImage?
144)  How can my application tell if it is being run under X?
145)  How do I make a "busy cursor" while my application is computing?
146)  How do I fork without hanging my parent X program?
147)  Why doesn't anything appear when I run this simple program?
148)  What is the difference between a Screen and a screen?
149)  Can XGetWindowAttributes get a window's background pixel/pixmap?
150)  How do I create a transparent window?
151)  Why doesn't GXxor produce mathematically-correct color values?
152)  Why does every color I allocate show up as black?
153)  Why do I get a protocol error when creating a cursor (sic)?
154)  Why can't my program get a standard colormap?
155)  Why does the pixmap I copy to the screen show up as garbage?
156)  How can I most quickly send an image to the X server?
157)  How do I check whether a window ID is valid?
158)  Can I have two applications draw to the same window?
159)  Why can't my program work with tvtwm or swm?
160)  Can I rely on a server which offers backing store?
161)  How do I catch the "close window" event to avoid "fatal IO error"?
162)  How do I keep a window from being resized by the user?
163)  How do I keep a window in the foreground at all times?
164)  How do I make text and bitmaps blink in X?
165)  How do I get a double-click in Xlib?
166)  How do I render rotated text?
167)  Why doesn't my multi-threaded X program work (sic) ?
168)  What is the X Registry? (How do I reserve names?)

If you have suggestions or corrections for any of these answers or any
additional information, please send them directly to uunet!craft!faq;
the information will be included in the next revision (or possibly the one
after that; thanks for the many suggestions which haven't been incorporated
yet).

This version of the FAQ is in the process of having R3 information replaced
by R5 information.

This posting is intended to be distributed at approximately the beginning of
each month. New versions are archived on ftp.x.org and rtfm.mit.edu and are
also available from [e-mail] and [e-mail]
(send "help").

ftp.x.org was previously known as export.lcs.mit.edu; x.org was previously
known as expo.lcs.mit.edu.

The information contained herein has been gathered from a variety of sources.
In many cases attribution has been lost; if you would like to claim
responsibility for a particular item, please let me know.

Conventions used below: telephone numbers tend to be Bell-system unless
otherwise noted; prices on items are not included; email addresses are those
that work from the US.

X Window System is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

(Note: a script by George Ferguson ([e-mail]) to pretty-print
this faq is available from ugle.unit.no:/pub/X11/contrib/xfaq2texinfo.)


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   0)  TOPIC: BASIC INFORMATION SOURCES AND DEFINITIONS
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   1)! What books and articles on X are good for beginners?

    Ken Lee of SynOptics ([e-mail]) regularly posts to
comp.windows.x and ba.windows.x a bibliography containing cites of all known
reference books and how-to manuals and also cites of selected technical
articles on X and X programming; it is ftp-able as
    ftp.x.org:/contrib/Xbibliography and
    gatekeeper.dec.com:/pub/X11/contrib/Xbibliography

Here is an unordered set of the reference books and tutorials most useful for
beginners; most appear on that list [comments are gathered from a variety of
places and are unattributable]:

Asente, Paul J., and Swick, Ralph R., "X Window System Toolkit, The Complete
Programmer's Guide and Specification", Digital Press, 1990.  The bible on Xt. A
treasury of information, excellent and invaluable.  Distributed by Digital
Press, ISBN 1-55558-051-3, order number EY-E757E-DP; and by Prentice-Hall,
ISBN 0-13-972191-6. Also available through DEC Direct at 1-800-DIGITAL.
[The examples are on ftp.x.org in contrib/ and on gatekeeper.dec.com
(16.1.0.2) in pub/X11/contrib as asente-swick.examples.tar.Z.  They were also
posted to comp.sources.x as xt-examples/part0[1-5].]

Jones, Oliver, Introduction to the X Window System, Prentice-Hall, 1988,
1989.  ISBN 0-13-499997-5. An excellent introduction to programming with
Xlib.  Written with the programmer in mind, this book includes many practical
tips that are not found anywhere else. This book is not as broad as the
O'Reilly Xlib tutorial, but Jones is an experienced X programmer and this
shows in the quality and depth of the material in the book.

Young, Doug. "The X Window System: Applications and Programming with Xt
(Motif Version)," Prentice Hall, 1989 (ISBN 0-13-497074-8). The excellent
tutorial "X Window System Programming and Applications with Xt," (ISBN
0-13-972167-3) updated for Motif. [Sources used to be on ftp.x.org; they are
known to be also on ftp.funet.fi in /pub/X11/contrib/.]

Young, Doug and John Pew, "The X Window System: Programming and Applications
with Xt, OPEN LOOK Edition" (ISBN 0-13-982992-X). The tutorial rewritten for
OLIT, with new examples and drag/drop information. [Examples are on ftp.x.org
in youg.olit.tar.Z and in you OpenWindows 3 distribution in
$OPENWINHOME/share/src/olit/olitbook.]

Heller, Dan and Paula Ferguson. "Motif Programmers Manual".  The 6th volume
in the O'Reilly series covers application programming with Motif 1.2 and
earlier; it's full of good examples (ISBN 1-56592-016-3).  Volume 6B is a
reference book on Motif and UIL (ISBN ISBN 1-56592-038-4).   [The examples
are available on uunet in the nutshell archives.]

Scheifler, Robert, and James Gettys, with Jim Flowers and David Rosenthal, "X
Window System: The Complete Reference to Xlib, X Protocol, ICCCM, XLFD, X
Version 11, Release 5, Third Edition," Digital Press, 1992. "The Bible" in
its latest revision, an enhanced version of X documentation by the authors of
the Xlib documentation. This is the most complete published description of
the X programming interface and X protocol. It is the primary reference work
and is not introductory tutorial documentation; additional tutorial works
will usually be needed by most new X programmers.  Digital Press order
EY-J802E-DP, ISBN 0-13-971201-1.

Nye, Adrian, "Xlib Programming Manual, Volume 1" and "Xlib Reference Manual,
Volume 2," O'Reilly and Associates. A superset of the X documentation;
the first volume is a tutorial with broad coverage of Xlib, and the second
contains reference pages for Xlib functions and many useful reference
appendices.  Both cover X11R5 (and R4). ISBN 0-937175-26-9 (volume 1) and
ISBN 0-937175-27-7 (volume 2).

Nye, Adrian, and Tim O'Reilly, "X Toolkit Programming Manual, Volume 4,"
O'Reilly and Associates, 1989. The folks at O'Reilly give their comprehensive
treatment to programming with the Xt Intrinsics; R5 versions are now
available, as is a Motif 1.2 version (Volume 4M).

O'Reilly, Tim, ed.,  "X Toolkit Reference Manual, Volume 5," O'Reilly and
Associates. A professional reference manual for the X11R4 and X11R5 Xt.

Mansfield, Niall. "The X Window System: A User's Guide," Addison-Wesley,
1989.  A tutorial introduction to using X, now upgraded for R4. ISBN
0-201-51341-2.

Quercia, Valerie and Tim O'Reilly. "X Window System User's Guide," O'Reilly
and Associates. A tutorial introduction to using X. ISBN 0-937175-36-6.  Also
available in R4 and Motif flavors.

Mui, Linda and Eric Pearce. "X Window System Administrator's Guide for X11 R4
and R5" [ORA Volume 8]. Help for X users and administrators.  ISBN
0-937175-83-8.

Drafts of John Ousterhout's upcoming book on TCL/TK are on sprite.berkeley.edu
(128.32.150.27) in /tcl. The final book will be published early 1994 by
Addison-Wesley, ISBN #0-201-63337-X.

(Prentice-Hall ordering is 201-767-5937. O'Reilly ordering is 800-998-9938
or 707-829-0515; ORA may also be contacted via email at [e-mail] or by
logging into gopher.ora.com as gopher.)

In addition, check the X11R4 and X11R5 core distribution in doc/tutorials for
some useful papers and tutorials, particularly the file answers.txt.  "Late
Night's Top Ten X11 Questions" by Dave Lemke ([e-mail]) and Stuart Marks
([e-mail]) answers other common questions and some of these here in
more detail.

New R5 versions of the O'Reilly references are now available [8/92].  A
single volume, "Programmer's Supplement for R5" by David Flanagan, provides
an overview of new R5 features; it includes man pages for Xlib, Xt, and Xmu.
[ISBN 0-937175-86-2]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   2)  What courses on X and various X toolkits are available?

    AT&T offers training in Xlib and in the Xol set. Contact AT&T
Corporate Education & Training for more info; 1-800-TRAINER in the USA.

    BIM Educational Services offers training in X administration and in
programming with Xt/Motif and Open Windows; the courses are given near
Brussels. Info: [e-mail], voice [phone], fax [phone].

    Bluestone Consulting, Inc. offers several multi-day, hands-on
training courses in X, Xt, Motif, C, C++, and UIM/X.  Information is available
at 609-727-4600 or blustone![e-mail].

    Communica Software Consultants offers three-day hands-on courses in X
designed for the X Window System developer and programmer. Contact Chris
Clarkson, telephone [phone], e-mail [e-mail]. [12/92]

    Cora Computer Technologies (516-485-7343) offers several courses.

    GHCT offers a one week lecture/lab course for programmers designed
by Douglas Young based on his book "The X Window System: Programming and
Applications with Xt, OSF/Motif Edition". Information: Brian Stell
(415-966-8805 or ghct![e-mail]).

    GHG offers a range of courses on X and Motif. Information:
713-488-8806 or [e-mail].

    Hands On Learning has live training and self-paced video workshops on
topics such as using and/or programming X, Xlib, Xm, and Xt.  Information:
617-272-0088, 800-248-9133.

    Hewlett-Packard (1-800-HPCLASS; or contact your local HP center)
offers a 2-day "Introduction to X", a 5-day Xlib course, a 1-day Xt and Motif
1.1 seminar, and a 5-day Motif lab course.

    Integrated Computer Solutions, Inc., offers several multi-day,
hands-on courses on X, Xt, and the Xaw and Motif widget sets, in particular.
Information is available at 617-621-0060 and [e-mail].

    Intelligent Visual Computing teaches several lab courses on-site for
Motif and XView. IVC is at 1-800-776-2810 or [phone] or at
[e-mail].

    Iris Computing Laboratories offers five-day Xlib and Xt courses.
Info: [phone] or [e-mail].

    IXI Limited ([phone]) offers regular X training courses for
both programmers and non-technical managers. See also: Unipalm, below.

    Learning Tree International offers a four-day course in X Window
System applications development, including Xlib and some information on
Motif.  For more info call 800-824-9155 (213-417-3484); 613-748-7741 in
Canada. Courses are offered in major North American cities; also in London,
Stockholm, Tokyo, and elsewhere.

    Lurnix offers several 3- to 5-day courses on using X and programming
with Xlib and Motif. Information is available at 800-875-4478.

    Non Standard Logics ([phone]; [e-mail]) offers
courses on programming with Xlib, Motif, and creating Motif widgets.

    OSF Educational Services (617-621-8778) offers one-day seminars and
one-week Motif lab courses.

    John A. Pew offers a 5-day course on OLIT, possibly based on his book
on that subject; 408-224-5739.

    SCO ([phone], [e-mail]) offers training for its Open
Desktop (Motif) environment in the UK and Europe.

    Software Pundits (617-270-0639) offers a range of courses.

    Technology Exchange (617-944-3700) offers a 4-day Xlib/Xt/Motif course.

    Alsys (formerly TeleSoft) is now offering a 1-day plus 3-day seminar
on X and Motif.  Information: Bruce Sherman (619-457-2700, [e-mail]).

    Unipalm XTech offers OSF's 5-day Motif course and a 1-day overview on
X.  Information: Unipalm Training at [phone], [e-mail].

    The University of Edinburgh is developing a series of courses on X
and related topics primarily for non-profit-making training in academia but
also for commercial use. Information: Cliff Booth, Unipalm Ltd, phone +44 223
420002, fax [phone].

    Various other vendors are also beginning to offer X training, usually
specific to a proprietary toolkit or to Xt and a proprietary widget set: DEC
is offering Xlib courses; Sun offers an XView course.

    Various universities are offering short X courses or overviews: UCLA,
Dartmouth, University of Lowell, University of Canberra (within Australia:
062-522422) ...
    UC Berkeley Extension will have a one week X/Motif class for
programmers in San Francisco starting on July 29.  The class will have a
hands-on lab. For more information contact UCBX at 415 323 8141.

    Among the best places to find courses are at the various Unix
conferences -- Uniforum, Usenix, Unix Expo, Xhibition, the X Technical
Conference, the ACM tutorial weeks, &c.

    In addition, the X Consortium posts approximately quarterly a list of
unendorsed speakers and consultants who can provide talks on a variety of X
topics.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   3)  What conferences on X are coming up?

    The XWorld Conference and Exhibition includes tutorials, panels,
presentations and vendor exhibits. It is typically held in March in New York
City.  Information: SIGS Publication Group at 212-274-9135.

    The Xhibition'94 trade show and conference, with tutorials, panels,
presentations, and vendor exhibits, will be held at the San Jose Convention
Center June 20-24. Information: [phone], [e-mail].

    A Tcl/Tk Workshop has been offered. Information: [e-mail].

    The European X User Group holds an annual conference which typically
includes includes paper presentations and a vendor exhibit.  Information:
[e-mail], [e-mail] or [e-mail], +44 (0)
223 426534, fax [phone].

    The Motif/COSE show is held in Washington to coincide with the
FedUnix and the Federal Open Systems Conference.  Information:
[e-mail] or [e-mail], 301-229-1062, fax [phone].

    The X Technical Conference is typically held in January in Boston.
Registration information is available from [e-mail], fax +1
617-253-7002. Other information is on ftp.x.org in /pub/DOCS/XConsortium/.

    Other trade shows -- UnixExpo, Uniforum, Siggraph -- show an
increasing presence of X, including tutorials and exhibits.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   4)  What X-related public mailing lists are available?

    The xpert mailing list is the general, public mailing list on X
maintained by the X Consortium. The mailings are gatewayed, so xpert is
almost identical to the comp.windows.x Usenet newsgroup.

    ***     If you get comp.windows.x, you don't need to    ***
    ***     be added to the xpert mailing list.             ***

    Otherwise, you can join the list to receive X information
electronically. It is best to find a local distribution; perhaps someone
within your company is already receiving the mailing. As a last resort, send
mail to [e-mail] with a valid return electronic address.

    The xannounce mailing list carries major X announcements, such as new
releases (including public patches from the Consortium), public reviews,
adoption of standards by the X Consortium, and conference announcements.  It
does NOT carry advertisements, source code, patches, or questions.  If you
already receive the Usenet news group comp.windows.x.announce or the xpert
mailing list, you don't need to be added to the xannounce mailing list.
Otherwise, to subscribe, send a request to [e-mail]. Note:
only redistribution addresses will be accepted for this list -- i.e. no
personal addresses. If you wish to receive xannounce yourself, please contact
your mail administrator to set up a local redistribution list and to put you
on it.
    comp.windows.x.apps is not gatewayed to a mailing list.

    In addition, the X Consortium sponsors these public lists:
        bug-clx         CLX bug reports and discussions
        x-ada           X and ada
        x11-3d          people interested in X and 3d graphics
        ximage          people interested in image processing and X
        xvideo          discussion of video extensions for X
To subscribe to one of these lists, assuming no-one in your
organization already receives it, send mail to <list>[e-mail]
with the Subject line including the name of the LIST in caps and the
request "addition request".

    A mailing list for topics related to OPEN LOOK is sponsored by Greg
Pasquariello of Unify corporation; send to [e-mail] (or
[e-mail]) for information.
    A mailing list for bugs in the publicly-available version of XView
source, in particular, is sponsored by Sun; send for information to
[e-mail].
    A mailing list for topics related to Motif is sponsored by Brian
Dealy; send to [e-mail] for information.  (This group
is gatewayed to comp.windows.x.motif.)
    A mailing list for topics related to the XPM pixmap-format is
sponsored by Arnaud Le Hors of Group Bull; send to
[e-mail] for information. [1/91]
    A mailing list discussing InterViews can be subscribed to by sending
to [e-mail].  A mailing list
([e-mail]) for topics related to the port of X11 to the Amiga
can be subscribed by sending to [e-mail] a
message containing
        Subject: Adding myself to AMIGA-X11
        SUBS AMIGA-X11 Your Real Name
    A mailing list discussing multi-threaded Xlib can be subscribed to at
[e-mail].
    A mailing list discussing the Andrew User Interface System (formerly
Andrew Toolkit) is maintained by the Andrew Consortium.  To subscribe, write
to [e-mail] and specify whether you want messages
in Andrew format or ASCII.  The ASCII versions are copied to netnews group
comp.soft-sys.andrew.
    A mailing list for the Motif-C++ bindings is sponsored by Ronald van
Loon; subscribe to [e-mail].
    A mailing list for SUIT users is available from
[e-mail].
    A mailing list discussing the UIM/X builder can be subscribed to by
sending a Subject line of "subscribe" to [e-mail].
    A mailing list discussing the TeleUSE builder can be subscribed to by
sending a request to [e-mail].
    A mailing list discussing the Windowing Korn Shell may be subscribed to
at [e-mail].
    A mailing list for MetaCard users is available by sending to
[e-mail] a message containing
        subscribe metacard-list firstname lastname
        quit

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   5)  How can I meet other X developers? (What X user groups are there?)

    O'Reilly and Associates sponsors a mailing list for the use of X user
group organizers; subscribe by sending to [e-mail] the message
"subscribe xgroups [e-mail]".

    Local area X user's groups are listed in Issue 4 of O'Reilly's X
Resource journal; a list may also be available from [e-mail].

    The French X User Group is called AFUX and is based in Sophia
Antipolis by CERICS. Information can be obtained from Miss Vasseur or Miss
Forest; BP 148; 157, rue Albert Einstein; 06561 Valbonne Cedex; Phone:
[phone] / 45 01; Fax: [phone].  [10/90]

    The European X User Group was formed in 1989 to represent X users in
Europe.  It holds technical conferences at regular intervals. The EXUG also
publishes a regular newsletter which is distributed free of charge to
members.  The EXUG also runs a email mailing list for members which is
frequently used to address issues of European interest in X. The EXUG can be
contacted at [e-mail], [phone], fax [phone]
9497.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   6)  What related FAQs are available?

    Liam R. E. Quin ([e-mail]) posts a FAQ on Open Look to
comp.windows.open-look.
    Brian Dealy posts a FAQ on Motif to comp.windows.x.motif.  Peter Ware
([e-mail]) posts a FAQ for comp.windows.x.intrinsics; it is on
ftp.x.org in contrib/FAQ-Xt.
    Art Mulder ([e-mail]) posts to comp.windows.x a FAQ on
maximizing the performance of X.
    Steve Kotsopoulos ([e-mail]) posts to comp.windows.x a
FAQ about using X on Intel-based Unix systems.
    Justin Kibell ([e-mail]) posts to comp.windows.x a FAQ on
games for X.
    Wade Guthrie ([e-mail]) posts to comp.windows.misc a FAQ
which includes information on platform-independent GUI (PIGUI) development
kits.
    Pete Phillips ([e-mail]) posts to comp.sources.wanted a
FAQ on project-management programs.
    Wade Guthrie ([e-mail]) posts to comp.windows.misc a FAQ
on on platform-independent GUI toolkits (PIGUI).
    The FAQ in alt.binaries.pictures contains information on viewing
images with X and on massaging image formats.
    The FAQ in comp.mail.mh (gatewayed to [e-mail]) includes a
section on xmh.
    The FAQ in comp.lang.lisp contains information on several interface
tools and toolkits.
    The FAQ for the Andrew User Interface System is available for ftp
from emsworth.andrew.cmu.edu (128.2.45.40).

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   7)  How do I ask a net-question so as to maximize helpful responses?

    When asking for help on the net or X mailing lists, be sure to include
all information about your setup and what you are doing.  The more
specific you are, the more likely someone will spot an error in what
you are doing.  Without all the details, people who want to help you
often have to guess -- if they are able to respond at all.

    Always mention what version of X you are using and where you got it
from. If your server came from a different source as the rest of your X
system, give details of that, too.  Give the machine type, operating system,
and O/S version for both the client and server machine.  It may also be
appropriate to mention the window manager, compiler, and display hardware
type you are using.

    Then tell exactly what you are doing, exactly what happens, and what
you expected/wanted to happen.  If it is a command that fails, include the
exact transcript of your session in the message.  If a program you wrote
doesn't work the way you expect, include as little of the source necessary
(just a small test case, please!) for readers to reproduce the problem.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   8)  What publications discussing X are available?

    The trade magazines (Unix World, Unix Review, etc.) are publishing
more articles on X.  Two X-specific publications include:

    - O'Reilly and Associates publishes "The X Resource: A Practical
Journal of the X Window System" (103 Morris St. #A, Sebastapol, CA 95472).
Editorial information: Adrian Nye ([e-mail]), Paula Ferguson
([e-mail]).

    - The X Journal is started bi-monthly publication September 1991 on a
variety of X topics. Subscription information: The X Journal, Subscriber
Services, Dept XXX, P.O. Box 3000, Denville, NJ 07834, USA. Editorial
information: [e-mail], [e-mail].

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:   9)  What are these common abbreviations/acronyms?

    Xt: The X Toolkit Intrinsics is a library layered on Xlib which
provides the functionality from which the widget sets are built. An
"Xt-based" program is an application which uses one of those widget sets and
which uses Intrinsics mechanisms to manipulate the widgets.
    Xmu: The Xmu library is a collection of Miscellaneous Utility
functions useful in building various applications and widgets.
    Xaw: The Athena Widget Set is the MIT-implemented sample widget set
distributed with X11 source.
    Xm: The OSF/Motif widget set from the Open Software Foundation;
binary kits are available from many hardware vendors.
    Xhp (Xw): The Hewlett-Packard Widget Set was originally based on R2++,
but several sets of patches exist which bring it up to R3, as it is distributed
on the X11R4 tapes. Supplemental patches are available to use it with R4/R5.
    CLX: The Common Lisp X Interface is a Common Lisp equivalent to
Xlib.
    XDMCP: The X Display Manager Protocol provides a uniform mechanism for
a display such as an X terminal to request login service from a remote host.
    XLFD: The X Logical Font Description Conventions describes a standard
logical font description and conventions to be used by clients so that they
can query and access those resources.
    RTFM: Common expert-speak meaning "please locate and consult the
relevant documentation -- Read the Forgotten Manual".
    UTSL: A common expression meaning "take advantage of the fact that you
aren't limited by a binary license -- Use The Source, Luke".
    API: Application-Programmer Interface. The function calls, etc., in a
programming library.
    BDF: Bitmap Distribution Format; a human-readable format for
uncompiled X fonts.
    GUI: graphical user interface.
    UIL: the User Interface Language, part of OSF/Motif which lets
programmers specify a widget hierarchy in a simple text "outline" form
    WCL: the Widget Creation Language, a package which extends the
understanding of the Xt resource format such that a widget hierarchy and
actions on the widgets can be specified through the resources file
    GIL: the file format put out by Sun's OpenWindows Developers Guide 3.0
    UIMS: User Interface Management System

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  10)  What is the ICCCM? (How do I write X-friendly applications?)

    The Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual is one of the
official X Consortium standards documents that define the X environment. It
describes the conventions that clients must observe to coexist peacefully
with other clients sharing the same server.  If you are writing X clients,
you need to read and understand the ICCCM,  in particular the sections
discussing the selection mechanism and the interaction between your client
and the window manager.  Get it either:

    - as part of the R4 distribution - in the later editions of the
Scheifler/Gettys "X Window System" book - as an appendix in the new version
of O'Reilly's Volume 0, "X Protocol Reference Manual." A version in old
copies of their Volume 1 is obsolete.  The version in the Digital Press book
is much more readable, thanks to the efforts of Digital Press's editors to
improve the English and the presentation.

[from David Rosenthal, 10/90]

    - the ICCCM was updated for R5; updates are published in O'Reilly's
"Programmer's Supplement for Release 5". The complete document is on the R5
tapes.

    - a revision of the ICCCM (version 2.0) is now [2/94] in Consortium
public review. (Public review is the final step in the X Consortium
standardization process.)  This review draft is available via anonymous FTP
in ftp.x.org:/pub/DOCS/ICCCM.

    Alternate definition: the ICCCM is generally the M in "RTFM" and is
the most-important of the least-read X documents.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  11)  What is the X Consortium, and how do I join?

    The X Consortium was formed in January of 1988 to further the
development of the X Window System and has as its major goal the promotion of
cooperation within the computer industry in the creation of standard software
interfaces at all layers in the X Window System environment. MIT for many
years provided the vendor-neutral architectural and administrative leadership
required to make the organization work. The X Consortium is now an independent
consortium.

    Most of the Consortium's activities take place via electronic mail,
with meetings when required.  As designs and specifications take shape,
interest groups are formed from experts in the participating organizations.
Typically a small multi-organization architecture team leads the design, with
others acting as close observers and reviewers.  Once a complete
specification is produced, it may be submitted for formal technical review by
the Consortium as a proposed standard.  The standards process typically
includes public review (outside the Consortium) and a demonstration of proof
of concept.

    Your involvement in the public review process or as a member of the
Consortium is welcomed. Membership in the Consortium open to any
organization; there are several membership categories.  Write to Bob
Scheifler, President, X Consortium, One Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA
02142-1301, or send a message to [e-mail], or look in
/pub/DOCS/XConsortium on ftp.x.org.

[2/90; 9/93; 12/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  12)  Just what are OPEN LOOK and Motif?

    OPEN LOOK and Motif are two graphical user interfaces (GUIs). OPEN
LOOK was developed by Sun with help from AT&T and many industry reviewers;
Motif was developed by the Open Software Foundation (OSF) with input from many
OSF members.

    OPEN LOOK is primarily a user-interface specification and style-guide;
there are several toolkits which can be used to produce OPEN LOOK
applications.  Motif includes an API specification; the only sanctioned Motif
toolkit is the one from OSF. However, there are other toolkits which can be
used to produce programs which look and behave like OSF/Motif; one of these,
ParcPlace's (formerly Solbourne's) OI, is a "virtual toolkit" which provides
objects in the style of OPEN LOOK and Motif, at the user's choice.

    OPEN LOOK GUI is also the name of a product from AT&T, comprising
their OPEN LOOK Intrinsics Toolkit and a variety of applications.

[Thanks to Ian Darwin, [e-mail], 5/91]

    With the recent COSE announcement it appears that Sun will be phasing
out support for OPEN LOOK in favor of Motif.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  13)  What is "low-bandwidth X" (LBX)? XRemote? PPP? SLIP? CSLIP?

The one-line summary of LBX is:
    LBX  =  "XRemote"  +  reply/event/error compaction  +  caching

There are several options for using X over serial lines:

SLIP - Serial Line IP; this is both a mechanism and a protocol for sending IP
packets over point-to-point serial links. It has been around for several
years, and implementations are available for many of the major TCP/IP
implementations.  Most X Terminal vendors supply this as a checkoff item,
although nobody really ever uses it since it is horribly slow.  The TCP/IP
headers add 40 bytes per packet and the TCP/IP encoding of the X protocol is
rather verbose (rightfully so; it is optimized for packing and unpacking over
high-speed links).

CSLIP - Compressed header SLIP; this is a variant of SLIP that compresses the
40 bytes of TCP/IP headers down to about 5 or 6 bytes.  It still doesn't do
anything about reencoding the X protocol.  Modems that do compression can
help, but they increase packet latency (it takes time to dribble the
uncompressed data through typical serial interfaces, plus the compression
assembly time).

PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol; this is an emerging standard for point-to-point
links over serial lines that has a more complete set of option negotiation
than SLIP.  A growing number of people see the combination of PPP for the
serial line management and CSLIP for the header compression as becoming common
for running normal TCP/IP protocols over serial lines.  Running raw X over the
wire still needs compression somewhere to make it usable.

XRemote - this is the name of both a protocol and set of products originally
developed by NCD for squeezing the X protocol over serial lines.  In addition
to using a low level transport mechanism similar to PPP/CSLIP, XRemote removes
redundancies in the X protocol by sending deltas against previous packets and
using LZW to compress the entire data stream.  This work is done by either a
pseudo-X server or "proxy" running on the host or in a terminal server.  There
are several advantages to doing compression outside the modem:
   (1)  You don't *have* to have compressing modems in there if you wouldn't
    otherwise be using them (e.g. if you were going to be directly
    connected), and
   (2)  It reduces the I/O overhead by cutting down on the number of bytes
    that have to cross the serial interface, and
   (3)  In addition to the effects of #2, it reduces the latency in delivering
    packets by not requiring the modem to buffer up the data waiting for
    blocks to compress.

LBX - Low Bandwidth X; this is an X Consortium project that is working on a
standard for this area.  It is being chaired by NCD and Xerox and is using
NCD's XRemote protocol as a stepping stone in developing the new protocol.
LBX will go beyond XRemote by adding proxy caching of commonly-used
information (e.g. connection setup data, large window properties, font
metrics, keymaps, etc.) and a more efficient encoding of the X protocol. The
hope is to have a Standard ready for public review in the first half of next
year and a sample implementation available in R6.

Additional technical information about how XRemote works and a few notes on
how LBX might be different are available via anonymous ftp from ftp.x.org in
contrib/ in the following files:
    XRemote-slides.ps               slides describing XRemote
    XRemote-LBX-diffs.ps            more slides describing some of LBX

[information provided by Jim Fulton, [e-mail]; 7/92]

    There is also a set of slides on ftp.x.org from Jim Fulton's talk at
the 7th X Technical Conference.

    LBX should be available in draft form with R6.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  14)  TOPIC: USING X IN DAY-TO-DAY LIFE
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  15)! What are all these different window managers?

    The window manager in X is just another client -- it is not part of
the X window system, although it enjoys special privileges -- and so there is
no single window manager; instead, there are many, which support different
ways for the user to interact with windows and different styles of window
layout, decoration, and keyboard and colormap focus. In approximate
chronological order (generally, the more recent ones conformant more with the
ICCCM):

    wm: this simple title-bar window manager was phased out in R2 or R3
    uwm: the Universal Window Manager is still popular for its speed,
although it is very outdated. Moved to contrib/ on the R4 tape.
    twm (old): Tom's Window Manager was among the first non-MIT window
managers and offered the user a great deal of customization options in a
re-parenting window manager.
    awm: the Ardent Window Manager was for a while a hotbed for hackers
and offered some features (dynamic menus) not found on more current window
managers
    rtl: Siemen's window manager tiles windows so that they don't overlap
and resizes the window with the focus to its preferred size.
    dxwm: Digital's dxwm is part of the DECwindows offering
    hpwm: HP's window manager offers a 3D look; it is a precursor of mwm
    mwm: the Motif window manager is part of the OSF/Motif toolkit
    tekwm: Tektronix's window manager offering
    olwm (Sun): olwm implements the OPEN LOOK GUI and some of the Style
Guide functionality
    olwm (AT&T): ditto
    gwm: Bull's Generic Window Manager emulates others with a built-in
Lisp interpreter. Version 1.7h (10/91) is on the R5 contrib tape; 1.7o is on
avahi.inria.fr and ftp.x.org. [9/93]
    m_swm: the Sigma window manager is on the R4 tape
    pswm: Sun's PostScript-based pswm is part of the OpenWindows release
    swm: Solbourne's swm is based on the OI toolkit and offers multiple GUI
support and also a panning virtual window; configuration information comes from
the resources file. Sources are on ftp.x.org in contrib/swm.tar.Z; they require
OI binaries.
    twm (new): the new Tab Window Manager from the R4 tape is a reworked
twm and is the basis for several derivatives, including the one on the R5 tape
    vtwm: vtwm offers some of the virtual-desktop features of swm, with a
single-root window implementation.  A new version, vtwm-5.3, is based on the
R5 twm and is available from ftp.x.org. [1/94]
    tvtwm: Tom's Virtual Tab Window Manager is also based on the new twm
and provides a virtual desktop modeled on the virtual-root window of swm. It
is available on ftp.x.org and mirroring archive servers.
    olvwm: the vtwm-style virtual-desktop added to Sun's olwm. It is
available on archive servers; version 4.1 [2/94] is on ftp.x.org.
    mvwm: the vtwm-style virtual-desktop added to OSF's mwm. A beta version
is floating around (most recently from [e-mail]) but requires a
source license to OSF/Motif 1.1.3 [3/92].
    NCDwm: the window manager local to NCD terminals offers an mwm look
    XDSwm: the window manager local to Visual Technology's terminals is
simple but full-featured.
    ctwm: Claude Lecommandeur's ([e-mail]) modification of the R5
twm offers 32 virtual screens in the fashion of HP vuewm and also offers the
window overview used in vtwm and tvtwm. Version 3.1 [2/94] source is on
ftp.x.org.
    vuewm: HP's MWM-based window manager offers configurable workspaces.
SAIC offers a version of this VUE environment.
    4Dwm: SGI's enhanced MWM
    piewm: this version of tvtwm offers pie menus
    pmwm: IXI's Panorama version of MWM offers olvwm-like features.
Info: [phone], [phone]; [e-mail] or [e-mail] or
[e-mail].
    fvwm: This virtual window manager has been rewritten from scratch and
is very light on system resources (between half and two-thirds the memory usage
of twm, on which it was based). fvwm offers most of the features others
provide, plus additional features. Source is available from sunsite.unc.edu in
/pub/Linux/X11/window-managers/fvwm-1.20r-source.tar.z

Also of possible use is vr, by Richard Mauri ([e-mail]), on
ftp.x.org and ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
(pub/comp/X11/contrib/clients/vr/vr-1.01.tar.Z); Vr is a workspace manager
intended to be window-manager-independent.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  16)  Why does my X session exit when I kill my window manager (sic)?

    It needn't.  What is probably happening is that you are running your
window manager as the last job in your .xsession or .xinitrc file; your X
session runs only as long as the last job is running, and so killing your
window manager is equivalent to logging out. Instead, run the window manager
in the background, and as the last job instead invoke something safe like:
        exec xterm -name Login -rv -iconic
or any special client of your devising which exits on some user action.  Your
X session will continue until you explicitly logout of this window, whether or
not you kill or restart your window manager.
    Alternatively, there is a chance that you are using OpenLook, which by
default kills all clients on logging out. Change your Exit menu choice from
EXIT to WMEXIT to correct this behavior.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  17)  Can I save the state of my X session, like toolplaces does?

    Although no known window manager directly supports such a feature
(olvwm and swm may come close) -- which may be equivalent to writing out a
.xinitrc or .xsession file naming the geometry and WM_COMMAND of each
application  -- there is a contributed application which does much of what
you are looking for, although it is not as complete as the SunView program
toolplaces.  Look for the application "xplaces" on an archive-server near
you.  There are several versions of this program floating around; look for a
recent vintage.  [10/90]
    Some new pseudo session-managers such as HP's vuewm provide for the
saving of sessions including information on the geometry of currently-running
applications and the resource database.  [Bjxrn Stabell
([e-mail]); 3/93.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  18)  How do I use another window manager with DEC's session manager?

    DEC's session manager will start dxwm up by default. To override this,
    add to your .Xdefaults file something like this line, naming the full
pathname:
    sm.windowManagerName:   /wherever/usr/bin/X11/your_favorite_wm

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  19)! How do I change the keyboard auto-repeat rate?

    You can turn auto-repeat on or off by using "xset r on|off".

    The base X11 protocol, doesn't provide for varying the auto-repeat
rate, which is a capability not supported by all systems.
    Some pre-R6 servers may provide command-line flags to set the rate at
start-up time. If you have control over server start-up (see the man pages
for xinit and xdm), you can invoke the server with the chosen settings; for
example, you can start the R5 Xsun sample server with the options "-ar1 350
-ar2 30" to reduce the sensitivity of the keyboard.

    The R6 X Keyboard Extension provides a vendor-independent way to
control repeat delay and rate.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  20)  How do I remap the keys on my keyboard to produce a string?

    There is no method of arranging for a particular string to be produced
when you press a particular key. The xmodmap client, which is useful for
moving your CTRL and ESC keys to useful places, just rearranges keys and does
not do "macro expansion."
    Some (few) clients, including xterm and several X-based editors,
accept a translation resource such as:
    xterm*VT100.Translations: #override \
        <Key>F1: string("setenv DISPLAY unix:0")
which permits the shorthand F1 to be pressed to reset the display locally
within an xterm; it takes effect for new xterm clients. To include control
characters in the string, use \nnn, where nnn is the octal encoding of the
control character you want to include.
    Window managers, which could provide this facility, do not yet; nor
has a special "remapper" client been made available.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  21)  How do I make a screendump or print my application (including menus)?

    The xwd client in the X11 distributions can be used to select a window
or the background. It produces an XWD-format file of the image of that
window.  The file can be post-processed into something useful or printed with
the xpr client and your local printing mechanism. To print a screendump
including a menu or other object which has grabbed the pointer, you can use
this command:
        csh% sleep 10; xwd -root > output.xwd &
and then spend 10 seconds or so setting up your screen; the entire current
display will be saved into the file output.xwd. Note that xwd also has an
undocumented (before R5) -id flag for specifying the window id on the
command-line. [There are also unofficial patches on ftp.x.org to xwd for
specifying the delay and the portion of the screen to capture.]

    Two publicly-available programs which allow interactive definition of
arbitrary portions of the display and built-in delays are asnap and xgrabsc.
There are several versions of xgrabsc; version 2.3, available on ftp.x.org
[9/93] is the most recent. xgrab, part of the package, is an interactive
front-end to xgrabsc.
    xsnap includes some asnap features and supersedes it; it also renders
XPM output [version unknown]. It is available on ftp.x.org or avahi.inria.fr;
see xsnap-pl2.tar.Z.
    A screen-dump and merge/edit program combining features of xwd and xpr
is available from vernam.cs.uwm.edu as xdump1.0.tar.Z.  Information:
[e-mail].
    xprint, by Alberto Accomazzi ([e-mail]) is available
from cfa0.harvard.edu (128.103.40.1) as /pub/wipl/xprint.export-2.1.tar.Z.
The package allows users to create encapsulated color PostScript files which
will print on any PostScript Level-1 compliant printer (black and white or
color).

    To post-process the xwd output of some of these tools, you can use
xpr, which is part of the X11 distribution. Also on several archives are
xwd2ps and XtoPS, which produce Encapsulated PostScript with trimmings
suitable for use in presentations (see ftp.x.org:contrib/xwd2ps.tar.Z and
contrib/ImageMagick2.3.4.2.tar.Z). Also useful is the PBMPLUS/Netpbm package
on many archive servers; and the Xim package contains Level 2 color PostScript
output.

    The XV program can grab a portion of the X display, manipulate it, and
save it in one of the available formats. ImageMagick has similar
capabilities.

    Also:

    Bristol Technology ([e-mail], 203-438-6969) offers Xprinter
2.0, an Xlib API for PostScript and PCL printers; a demo is on ftp.uu.net in
vendor/Bristol/Xprinter.

    ColorSoft 9619-459-8500) offers OPENprint package includes a screen-
capture facility, image-processing, and support for PostScript and
non-PostScript printers.

    Some vendors' implementations of X (e.g. DECWindows and OpenWindows)
include session managers or other desktop programs which include "print
portion of screen" or "take a snapshot" options. Some platforms also have
tools which can be used to grab the frame-buffer directly; the Sun systems,
for example, have a 'screendump' program which produces a Sun raster file.
Some X terminals have local screen-dump utilities to write PostScript to a
local serial printer.

    Some vendors' implementations of lpr (e.g. Sony) include direct
support for printing xwd files, but you'll typically need some other package
to massage the output into a useful format which you can get to the printer.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  22)  How do I make a color PostScript screendump of the X display?

    If you need color PostScript in particular, you can
    - grab the screen-image using a program which can produce color
PostScript, such as xgrabsc, xprint, and xv
    - grab the screen-image using xwd and post-process xwd into color PS.
    You can do this using xwd2ps or the XtoPS program from the ImageMagick
distribution. The PBMPLUS/Netpbm package is also good for this, as is the Xim
package.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  23)  How do I make a screendump including the X cursor?

    This can't be done unless the X server has been extended. Consider
instead a system-dependent mechanism for, e.g.,  capturing the frame-buffer.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  24)  How do I convert or view Mac/TIFF/GIF/Sun/PICT/img/FAX images in X?

    The likeliest program is an incarnation of Jef Poskanzer's useful++
Portable Bitmap Toolkit, which includes a number of programs for converting
among various image formats. It includes support for many types of bitmaps,
gray-scale images, and full-color images. PBMPLUS has been updated recently;
the most recent version [12/91] is on ftp.x.org in
contrib/pbmplus10dec91.tar.Z.

    Netpbm is based on the PBMPLUS 10dec91 release, with many additions
and improvements. It is intended to be portable to many platforms while
allowing for conversion of images between a variety of formats. The latest
sources are on several sites, including wuarchive.wustl.edu (128.252.135.4)
and peipa.essex.ac.uk (155.245.115.161). Contact [e-mail] to be
added to the netpbm mailing list.

    Another tool is San Diego Supercomputing Center's IMtools ('imconv' in
particular), which packages the functionality of PBM into a single binary.
It's available anonymous ftp from sdsc.edu (132.249.20.22).

    Useful for viewing and converting some image-formats is Jim Frost's
xloadimage; the most recent [11/93] is on ftp.x.org in
contrib/xloadimage.4.1.tar.Z.  Graeme Gill's updates to an earlier version of
xloadimage are also on ftp.x.org; see xli.README and xli.tar.Z.uu; version
1.15 was released 7/93.

    xv (X Image Viewer), written by [e-mail] (John Bradley),
can read and display pictures in Sun Raster, PGM, PBM, PPM, X11 bitmap, TIFF,
GIF and JPEG. It can manipulate on the images: adjust, color, intensity,
contrast, aspect ratio, crop). It can save images in all of the aforementioned
formats plus PostScript. It can grab a portion of the X display, manipulate on
it, and save it in one of the available formats. The program was updated 5/92;
see the file contrib/xv-2.21.tar.Z on ftp.x.org.  Version 3.00 [5/93] is
distributed as shareware.

    The Fuzzy Pixmap Manipulation, by Michael Mauldin
([e-mail]).  Conversion and manipulation package, similar to
PBMPLUS.  Version 1.0 available via FTP as
nl.cs.cmu.edu:/usr/mlm/ftp/fbm.tar.Z, uunet.uu.net:pub/fbm.tar.Z, and
ucsd.edu:graphics/fbm.tar.Z.

    The Img Software Set, by Paul Raveling <[e-mail]>,
reads and writes its own image format, displays on an X11 screen, and does
some image manipulations.  Version 1.3 is available via FTP on ftp.x.org as
contrib/img_1.3.tar.Z, along with large collection of color images.

    The Utah RLE Toolkit is a conversion and manipulation package similar
to PBMPLUS.  Available via FTP as cs.utah.edu:pub/urt-*,
weedeater.math.yale.edu:pub/urt-*, and freebie.engin.umich.edu:pub/urt-*.

    Xim, The X Image Manipulator, by Philip Thompson, does essential
interactive displaying, editing, filtering, and converting of images. There is
a version in the X11R4 contrib area; but a more recent version (using R4 and
Motif 1.1) is available from gis.mit.edu (18.80.1.118). Xim reads/writes gif,
xwd, xbm, tiff, rle, xim, (writes level 2 eps) and other formats and also has
a library and command-line utilities for building your own applications.

    ImageMagick by [e-mail] is an X11 package for display and
interactive manipulation of images.  Includes tools for image conversion,
annotation, compositing, animation, and creating montages.  ImageMagick can
read and write many of the more popular image formats (JPEG, TIFF, PNM,
Postscript, ...).  Available via FTP from ftp.x.org as
contrib/ImageMagick2.3.6.tar.Z. [1/94]

    xtiff is a tool for viewing a TIFF file in an X window.  It was
written to handle as many different kinds of TIFF files as possible while
remaining simple, portable and efficient.  xtiff illustrates some common
problems with building pixmaps and using different visual classes.  It is
distributed as part of Sam Leffler's libtiff package and it is also available
on ftp.x.org and comp.sources.x.  [[e-mail],10/90] xtiff 2.0 was
announced in 4/91; it includes Xlib and Xt versions.

    A version of Lee Iverson's ([e-mail]) image-viewing tool
is available as contrib/vimage-0.9.3.tar.Z on ftp.x.org. The package also
includes an ImageViewPort widget and a FileDialog widget.  [12/91;5/92]

    The Andrew User Interface System (version 5.2 and later) provides an
image inset which can view many image formats.  Like all Andrew insets, an
image can be incorporated in a a document or sent in email via the MIME
standard. The following formats can be read:  Sunraster, GIF, Xbitmap,  TIFF,
Xpixmap, JPEG, PBM, XWD.

    The LUG (Libreria de Utilidades Graficas) is a library of subroutines
offering several routines for the manipulation of images in several different
formats. The distribution includes viewers for several different platforms. The
distribution is on telva.ccu.uniovi.es (156.35.31.31):
/uniovi/mathdept/src/liblug-1.0.1.tar.gz.

[some material from Larry Carroll ([e-mail]), 5/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  25)  Where can I get an X-based 3-D object viewer?

    xmgf by Paul Hoad ([e-mail]) is an interactive tool for
viewing 2D and 3D objects typically in gf/OFF/NFF/IGRIP/MINICAD/SLA/DXF format
Sources are on ftp.x.org.  Version 1.9.1 became available 12/93.

    x3d is a V.Fast 3D Object viewer for X it needs no special hardware or
or widget libraries other that X and is optimized for speed.

    XGobi can be used to to view such data.

    VOGLE can be used to to view such data.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  26)  How can I change the titlebar of my xterm window?

    The solution involves sending an escape sequence to xterm which will
cause it to update the property which the window manager relies upon for the
string which appears in the window titlebar.
    A solution is as easy as typing this in an xterm running a shell:
        echo "ESC]2;TEXT^G"
where ESC is the escape key, TEXT is the string you wish to have displayed,
and ^G is a Control-G (the BEL character). Note that the semi-colon is
demanded by more recent versions of xterm. (Some shells and editors need an
escape character, typically ^V, before accepting control characters literally.)

    Here is a more complicated csh alias which changes the titlebar to the
current working directory when you change directories:
        alias newcd 'cd \!*; echo -n ESC]2\;$cwd^G'
(for other shells e.g. ksh you will need to write a function for cd to print
this value).

    The digit '2' in these strings indicates to xterm that it should
change only the title of the window; to change both the title and the name
used in the icon, use the digit '0' instead, and use '1' to change only the
icon name.

    Note: another way to do this, which prevents an incorrect display of
the local directory if a modified `cd` is used in a subshell, is to wrap the
escape sequences into the PS1 prompt itself.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  27)  Where can I find the xterm control sequences?

The best source of such information is in your R5 sources in the file
ctlseqs.ms; a PostScript version is in mit/hardcopy/clients/ctlseqs.PS.Z.

O'Reilly's Volume 3, the X User's Guide, includes an R5 version of the control
sequences; the standard volume will be available 3/93, and a Motif version of
the book is available now. The current (R4) guide includes an outdated version
of the control sequences. [1/93]

Other good sources of information include the R4 version of that document and
also the file in the R4 sources called mit/clients/xterm/ctlseq2.txt, a
compilation put together by Skip Montanaro (GE CR&D) listing the VT100
sequences. It dates from R3 but is fairly accurate.  A hardcopy version was
published in the December 1989 XNextEvent (the XUG newsletter).

In a pinch, a VT100 manual will do.

[last updated 10/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  28)  How can I use characters above ASCII 127 in xterm ?

    In order to use special characters such as the o-umlaut, you need to
"stty pass8" but also to use a charcell ISO8859 font, such as
    XTerm*font:     -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-*-130-*-*-c-*-iso8859-1
    XTerm*boldfont: -*-*-bold-r-normal-*-*-130-*-*-c-*-iso8859-1 [The
family is intentionally unspecified in this example.]

In addition, you may want to set this in your shell:
    setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1

    For a given character above 127, you can determine the key to use with
the Alt modifier by finding the equivalent character below 127 (try using `man
ascii`). For example, o-umlaut (v) is Alt-v and the section character (') is
Alt-'.

[thanks to Greg Holmberg ([e-mail]) and Stephen Gildea
([e-mail]); 6/92]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  29)  Why are my xterm menus so small (sic) ?

    You are probably setting the geometry small accidentally. If you give
a resource specification like this:
        xterm*geometry: 80x24
then you are asking for all widgets under xterm to have their geometry set to
80x24. For the main window, this is OK, as it uses characters for its size.
But its popup menus don't; they are in pixels and show up small. To set only
the terminal widget to have the specified geometry, name it explicitly:
        xterm*VT100.geometry: 80x24

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  30)  How can I print the current X selection?

    You could paste it into an xterm after executing the lpr command.
However, a program by Richard Hesketh ([e-mail]) specifically for
manipulating the selection will help; e.g.
    % xselection PRIMARY | lpr
finds the primary selection and prints it.
    This command can be placed in a window-manager menu or in
shell-scripts.  xselection also permits the setting of the selection and other
properties. A version is on ftp.x.org.
    Also available is ria.ccs.uwo.ca:pub/xget_selection.tar.Z, which can
be adapted to do this.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  31)  How does Xt use environment variables in loading resources?

    You can use several environment variables to control how resources are
loaded for your Xt-based programs -- XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and
XAPPLRESDIR.  These environment variables control where Xt looks for
application-defaults files as an application is initializing.  Xt loads at
most one app-defaults file from the path defined in XFILESEARCHPATH and
another from the path defined in XUSERFILESEARCHPATH.

    XAPPLRESDIR existed in R3 and before.  As of R4, the Xt developers
added the more sophisticated *SEARCHPATH mechanism, but left XAPPLRESDIR in
place to avoid breaking existing software.

    Set XFILESEARCHPATH if software is installed on your system in such a
way that app-defaults files appear in several different directory
hierarchies.  Suppose, for example, that you are running Sun's Open Windows,
and you also have some R4 X applications installed in
/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults. You could set a value like this for
XFILESEARCHPATH, and it would cause Xt to look up app-defaults files in both
/usr/lib/X11 and /usr/openwin/lib (or wherever your OPENWINHOME is located):
    setenv XFILESEARCHPATH /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N:$OPENWINHOME/lib/%T/%N

The value of this environment variable is a colon-separated list of
pathnames.  The pathnames contain replacement characters as follows (see
XtResolvePathname()):

    %N      The value of the filename parameter, or the
        application's class name.
    %T      The value of the file "type".  In this case, the
        literal string "app-defaults"
    %C      customization resource (R5 only)
    %S      Suffix.  None for app-defaults.
    %L      Language, locale, and codeset (e.g. "ja_JP.EUC")
    %l      Language part of %L (e.g. "ja")
    %t      The territory part of the display's language string
    %c      The codeset part of the display's language string

    Let's take apart the example.  Suppose the application's class name is
"Myterm". Also, suppose Open Windows is installed in /usr/openwin.
(Notice the example omits locale-specific lookup.)
    /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N        means /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Myterm
    $OPENWINHOME/lib/%T/%N    means /usr/openwin/lib/app-defaults/Myterm

    As the application initializes, Xt tries to open both of the above
app-defaults files, in the order shown.  As soon as it finds one, it reads it
and uses it, and stops looking for others.  The effect of this path is to
search first in /usr/lib/X11, then in /usr/openwin.

    Let's consider another example. This time, let's set
XUSERFILESEARCHPATH so it looks for the file Myterm.ad in the current working
directory, then for Myterm in the directory ~/app-defaults.
    setenv XUSERFILESEARCHPATH ./%N.ad:$HOME/app-defaults/%N

    The first path in the list expands to ./Myterm.ad.  The second expands
to $HOME/app-defaults/Myterm.  This is a convenient setting for debugging
because it follows the Imake convention of naming the app-defaults file
Myterm.ad in the application's source directory, so you can run the
application from the directory in which you are working and still have the
resources loaded properly.  NOTE: when looking for app-default files with
XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, for some bizarre reason, neither the type nor file suffix
is defined so %T and %S are useless.

    With R5, there's another twist.  You may specify a customization
resource value.  For example, you might run the "myterm" application like
this:
    myterm -xrm "*customization: -color"

    If one of your pathname specifications had the value
"/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C" then the expanded pathname would be
"/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Myterm-color" because the %C substitution character
takes on the value of the customization resource.

    The default XFILESEARCHPATH, compiled into Xt, is:
        /usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C:\  (R5) /usr/lib/X11/%l/%T/%N%C:\ (R5)
        /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C:\     (R5) /usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N:\
        /usr/lib/X11/%l/%T/%N:\ /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N

    (Note: some sites replace /usr/lib/X11 with a ProjectRoot in this
batch of default settings.)

    The default XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, also compiled into Xt, is
        <root>/%L/%N%C:\  (R5) <root>/%l/%N%C:\  (R5)
        <root>/%N%C:\     (R5) <root>/%L/%N:\ <root>/%l/%N:\
        <root>/%N:

    <root> is either the value of XAPPLRESDIR or the user's home directory
if XAPPLRESDIR is not set.  If you set XUSERFILESEARCHPATH to some value other
than the default, Xt ignores XAPPLRESDIR altogether.

    Notice that the quick and dirty way of making your application find
your app-defaults file in your current working directory is to set XAPPLRESDIR
to ".", a single dot.  In R3, all this machinery worked differently; for R3
compatibilty, many people set their XAPPLRESDIR value to "./", a dot followed
by a slash.

[Thanks to Oliver Jones ([e-mail]); 2/93.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  32)  How to I have xdm put a picture behind the log-in window?

R5 users can specify the "setup" script that xdm runs by changing the entry
in the xdm-config file (usually in /usr/lib/X11/xdm) to name a different
script; the sample script distributed with X11R5 simply runs xconsole.

Earlier versions of the xdm client could be spoofed by in changing xdm's xrdb
resource in the xdm-config file to run a program to change the background
before loading the resources; for example, your /usr/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config
file may add the line
    DisplayManager.0.authorize: false
to permit unrestricted access to the display before log-in (beware!) and also
    DisplayManager*xrdb:    /usr/lib/X11/xdm/new.xrdb
where that file does something (for all connections) along the lines of:
    #!/bin/sh
    #comes in with arguments: -display :0 -load /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xresources
    /usr/bin/X11/xsetroot -display $2 -bitmap /usr/lib/X11/xdm/new.bitmap
    /usr/bin/X11/xrdb $*
Substitute xloadimage or xv for xsetroot, to taste.  Note that this is a
general hack that can be used to invoke a console window or any other client.

[Thanks to Jay Bourland ([e-mail]), 9/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  33)  Why isn't my PATH set when xdm runs my .xsession file?

    When xdm runs your .xsession it doesn't source your .cshrc or .login
files. You can set the path explicitly as you normally could for any SH
script; or you can place all environment-setting statements in a separate file
and source it from both the .xsession file and your shell configuration file;
or, if you set your PATH in your .cshrc file, the normal place, you can make
your .xsession have PATH set simply by making it a csh script, i.e. by starting
your .xsession file off with "#!/bin/csh".
    If this doesn't work, also try starting off with:
    #!/bin/sh # Reset path:  PATH=`csh -c 'echo $PATH'` ; export PATH

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  34)  How do I keep my $DISPLAY when I rlogin to another machine?

    There are several ways to avoid having to do a "setenv DISPLAY ..."
whenever you log in to another networked UNIX machine running X.
    A trivial solution, if your account is cross-mounted on both machines,
is to have your .xsession write your DISPLAY variable to a file, and then in
your login dot-files to check for the existence of that that file and use its
contents as your DISPLAY. [Thanks to [e-mail].]
    One solution is to use the clients/xrsh on the R5 contrib tape.  It
includes xrsh, a script to start an X application on remote machine, and
xrlogin, a script to start a local xterm running rlogin to a remote machine.
A more recent version is on export in xrsh-5.4.shar.
    One solution is to use the xrlogin program from der Mouse
([e-mail]). You can ftp caveat-emptor versions from
132.206.1.1, in X/xrlogin.c and X/xrlogind.c. The program packages up $TERM and
$DISPLAY into a single string, which is stuffed into $TERM.  rlogin then
propagates $TERM normally; your .cshrc on the remote machine should contain
        eval `xrlogind`
where xrlogind is a program that checks $TERM and if it is of the special
format it recognizes, unpacks it and spits out setenv and unsetenv commands to
recreate the environment variables. [11/90]

    In addition, if all you need to do is start a remote X process on
another host, and you find
        rsh <HOST> -n /usr/bin/X11/xterm -display $DISPLAY
too simple (DISPLAY must have your real hostname), then this version of xrsh
can be used to start up remote X processes. The equivalent usage would be
        xrsh <HOST> xterm

  #! /bin/sh
  # start an X11 process on another host
  # Date: 8 Dec 88 06:29:34 GMT
  # From: Chris Torek <[e-mail]>
  # rsh $host -n "setenv DISPLAY $DISPLAY; exec $@ </dev/null >&/dev/null"
  #
  # An improved version:
  # rXcmd (suggested by John Robinson, [e-mail])
  #       (generalized for sh,ksh by Keith Boyer, [e-mail])
  #
  # but they put the rcmd in ()'s which left zombies again.  This
  # script combines the best of both.

  case $# in
  [01])  echo "Usage: $0 host x-cmd [args...]";;
  *)
      case $SHELL in
      *csh*)  host="$1"; shift
          xhost "$host" > /dev/null
          rsh "$host" -n \
              "setenv TERM xterm; setenv DISPLAY `hostname`:0; \
              exec $* </dev/null >& /dev/null" &
          ;;
      *sh)
          host="$1"; shift
          xhost "$host" > /dev/null
          rsh "$host" -n \
              "TERM=xterm export TERM; \
              DISPLAY=`hostname`:0 export DISPLAY; \
              LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/X11/lib export LD_LIBRARY_PATH; \
              PATH=\$PATH:/usr/X11/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/local/bin; \
            export PATH; \
              exec $* < /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1" &
          ;;
      esac
      ;;
  esac

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  35)! How can I design my own font?

    One way is to use the "bitmap" client or some other bitmap-editor
(e.g.  Sun's icon-editor tool, post-processed with pbmplus) to design the
individual characters and then to do some large amount of post-processing to
concatenate them into the BDF format. See Ollie Jones's article in the
November 91 X Journal for more information.

    The R3 contrib/ area (in fonts/utils/ and in clients/xtroff) contained
a number of useful utilities, including some to convert between BDF font
format and a simple character format which can be edited with any text
editor.

    An easier way is to use the "xfed" client to modify an existing font;
a version is on the R4 or R5 X11R5 contrib tape in contrib/clients/xfed. Xfed
was last seen on ftp.Informatik.Uni-Dortmund.DE [129.217.64.63], possibly as
file /pub/windows/X/Diverse-X11-Sourcen/xfed.tar.Z. It can produce BDF-format
fonts which can be compiled for a variety of X servers.

    The xfedor client from Group Bull permits creation of bitmaps,
cursors, XPM1 pixmaps, and fonts. Binaries for common machines are on
avahi.inria.fr in /pub; in addition, the sources (an old Xlib implementation)
have been placed [5/91] in ftp.x.org:/contrib.

    If you are a MetaFont user you can use "mftobdf" from the SeeTeX
distribution to convert PK, GF, and PXL fonts to BDF format; the distribution
is on ftp.cs.colorado.edu and on ftp.x.org.
    The GNU package fontutils-0.4.tar.Z on prep.ai.mit.edu includes xbfe,
a font editor, and a number of utilities for massaging font formats.
    The O'Reilly X Resource issue #2 contains an article on using these
tools to modify a font.

    Fonts can be resized with Hiroto Kagotani's bdfresize; a new version
is in ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp:/X11/contrib.  bdffont in the Andrew User Interface
System (versions 5.2.2 and higher) lets you create a font or edit an existing
one.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  36)  Why does adding a font to the server not work (sic)?

    After you have built the font using your system's font-compiler,
installed it in some directory, and run `mkfontdir` or your system's
equivalent (e.g. bldfamily for OpenWindows) in that directory, be sure to use
`xset +fp $dir` to add that full path-name to the server's font-path, *or* if
the directory is already in the path, use `xset fp rehash` so that the new
fonts in that directory are actually found; it is this last step that you're
probably leaving out. (You can also use `xset q` to make sure that that
directory is in the path.)
    Sometimes your "xset +fp $dir" command fails with a BadValue error:
        X Error of failed request:BadValue
            (integer parameter out of range for operation) Major
        opcode of failed request:  51 (X_SetFontPath)

    This means the X server cannot find or read your font directory, or
that your directory does not look like a font directory to the server.  (The
mention of an "integer parameter" in the message is spurious.)

-- Is the font directory you're specifying readable from the SERVER's file
   system?  Remember, it's the server, not the client, which interprets your
   font directory.  Trouble in this area is especially likely when you issue
   an xset command with shell metacharacters in it (e.g. "xset +fp ~/myfonts")
   and the server is an X terminal or managed by xdm.

-- Is the directory really a font directory?  If you're running the sample X
   server (or most varieties of vendor servers) look in the directory for the
   file "fonts.dir".  If you can't find that file, run mkfontdir(1). (If you're
   running OpenWindows, look for the file "Families.list".  If you can't find
   it, run bldfamily(1).)

-- If you're in a site where some people run X11Rn servers and others run a
   proprietary server with nonstandard font formats (OpenWindows, for
   example), make sure the font directory is right for the server you're
   using.  Hint: if the directory contains .pcf and/or .snf files, it won't
   work for Open Windows.  If the directory contains .ff and/or .fb files, it
   won't work for X11Rn.

[thanks to der Mouse ([e-mail]) and to Oliver Jones
([e-mail]); 7/92 ]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  37)  How do I convert a ".snf" font back to ".bdf" font?

    A tool called "snftobdf 1.6" can do this; it is available as:
        ftp.x.org:contrib/snftobdf-1.6.tar.Z
        crl.nmsu.edu:pub/misc/snftobdf-1.6.tar.Z

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  38)  What is a general method of getting a font in usable format?

    der Mouse's getbdf is one solution; it connects to a server and
produces a .BDF file for any font the server is willing to let it.  It can be
used as an anything-to-BDF converter, but requires access to a server that can
understand the font file, thus is both more and less powerful than other tools
such as snftobdf. getbdf is on 132.206.1.1 in X/getbdf.c or available via mail
from [e-mail]. [5/91]
    In addition, the R5 program "fstobdf" can produce bdf for any font
that the R5 server has access to.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  39)  How do I use DECwindows fonts on my non-DECwindows server?

    The DECwindows fonts typically don't exist on a non-DEC installation,
but rewrite rules can be used to alias fonts used by DECwindows applications
to standard X fonts of similar characteristics and size. Pick up the file
contrib/DECwindows_on_X11R4_font.aliases from ftp.x.org; this file is for a
sample R4 server.  It can also serve as a starting point for creating a
similar aliases file for the Open Windows server or other servers which do not
use the X Consortium's font scheme.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  40)  How can I set backgroundPixmap in a defaults file? (What is XPM?)
I want to be able to do something like this:
    xclock*backgroundPixmap:      /usr/include/X11/bitmaps/rootweave

    You can't do this. The backgroundPixmap resource is a pixmap of the
same depth as the screen, not a bitmap (which is a pixmap of depth 1).
Because of this, writing a generic String to Pixmap converter is impossible,
since there is no accepted convention for a file format for pixmaps.
Therefore, neither the X Toolkit or the Athena widget set define a String to
Pixmap converter; because there is no converter you cannot specify this value
as a resource.  The Athena widget set does define a String to Bitmap converter
for use in many of its widgets, however.  [courtesy Chris D.  Peterson (now
[e-mail]), 4/90]

However:
    A specific converter which encapsulates much of the functionality of
the xloadimage package by Jim Frost was posted 12/90 by Sebastian Wangnick
([e-mail]); it permits loading of a number of
image formats as a pixmap.

    The leading general-purpose format for pixmaps is the XPM format used
by Groupe Bull in several of its programs, including the GWM window manager,
by AT&T in its olpixmap editor, and by ICS in its interface builder. XPM
distribution, available on ftp.x.org as contrib/xpm.tar.Z, includes read/write
routines which can easily be adapted to converters by new widgets which want
to allow specification of pixmap resources in the above manner.  See
information on the xpm-talk mailing list above. XPM 3.2g was announced in
4/93 and is available from ftp.x.org and avahi.inria.fr; an older version is
on the R5 contrib tape. Version 3.3 became available 12/93. [A set of XPM
icons collected by Anthony Thyssen ([e-mail]) is on
ftp.x.org in contrib/AIcons; the hobbes-icon-xpm3 collection of XPM icons is
on hobbes.nmsu.edu./]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  41)  Why can't I override translations? Only the first item works. (sic)

    You probably have an extra space after the specification of the first
item, like this:
    basic*text.translations:  #override \
    Ctrl<Key>a:    beginning-of-line() \n\
    Ctrl<Key>e:    end-of-line()
                          ^ extra space
The newline after that space is ending the translation definition.
[Thanks to Timothy J. Horton, 5/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  42)  How can I have a clock show different timezones?

    One solution is xchron, in Volume 6 of comp.sources.x, which can show
the time for timezones other than the local one.
    sunclock on ftp.x.org displays a world map with sun/dark areas and
local and UTC time.
    The OpenWindows clock has a TimeZone property.  Modifications to the
    Xaw clock widget to support hour and minute offsets were posted by
David Herron ([e-mail]).
    A patch for the clock coming with the Xaw3D widgets introduces
resources hourOffset, minuteOffset, gmt; it can be found at
ftp.wu-wien.ac.at:pub/src/X11/wafe/xaw3d.Clock.patch.

    Alternatively, you can probably set the timezone in the shell from
which you invoke the xclock or oclock, or use a script similar to this:
    #!/bin/sh
    TZ=PST8PDT xclock -name "Burnt" 2> /dev/null &
    TZ=EST5EDT xclock -name "Frozen" 2> /dev/null &

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  43)  I have xmh, but it doesn't work. Where can I get MH?

The xmh mail-reader requires the Rand MH mail/message handling system, which
is not part of the UNIX software distribution for many machines.  A list of
various ftp, uucp, e-mail and US-mail sites for both xmh and MH is given in
the monthly MH FAQ; one source is ics.uci.edu.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  44)  Why am I suddenly unable to connect to my Sun X server?
After a seemingly random amount of time after the X server has been started,
no other clients are able to connect to it.

    The default cron cleanup jobs supplied by Sun (for 4.0.3, at least)
delete "old" (unreferenced) files from /tmp -- including /tmp/.X11-unix, which
contains the socket descriptor used by X. The solution is to add "!  -type s"
to the find exclusion in the cron job.  [10/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  45)  Why don't the R5 PEX demos work on my mono screen?

The R5 sample server implementation works only on color screens, sorry.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  46)  How do I get my Sun Type-[45] keyboard fully supported by Xsun?

Many users wants the Num Lock key to light the Num Lock LED and have the
appropriate effect on the numeric keypad. The Xsun server as distributed by
the Consortium doesn't do this but there are two different patches available.

The first patch is written by Jonathan Lemon and fixes the Num Lock related
problems. It is available from ftp.x.org in the file
contrib/Xsun-R5.numlock_patch.Z .

The second is written by Martin Forssen and fixes the Num Lock and Compose
keys and adds support for the different national keyboard layouts for Type-4
and Type-5 keyboards. This patch is available from ftp.x.org in
contrib/sunkbd.930314.tar.Z or via email from [e-mail].

[thanks to Martin Forssen ([e-mail] or [e-mail]),
8/92]

A set of patches by William Bailey ([e-mail]) was posted to newsgroups
11/92 to provide support for the Type-5 keyboard.

(Note that use of xmodmap to map function and arrow keys can make the Type 5
keyboard more useful without needing these patches.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  47)  How do I report bugs in X?

    Generally, report bugs you find to the organization that supplied you
with the X Window System. If you received the R5 source distribution directly
from the Consortium, please read the file mit/bug-report for instructions.
[Look in mit/doc/bugs/bug-report in R4.]

[Thanks to Stephen Gildea <[e-mail]>, 5/91; 12/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  48)  Why do I get "Warning: Widget class version mismatch"?

    This error, which typically goes on to say, "widget 11004 vs.
intrinsics 11003" indicates that the header files you included when building
your program didn't match the header files that the Xt library you're linking
against was built with; check your -I include path and -L link-path to be
sure.
    However, the problem also occurs when linking against a version of the
X11R4 Xt library before patch 10; the version number was wrong.  Some Sun OW
systems, in particular, were shipped with the flawed version of the library,
and applications which link against the library typically give the warnings
you have seen.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  49)+  Why does my SPARC say "Mapping cg3c: No such device or address"?

    This problem comes up on Sun SPARC Classic machines.  There is no X
Consortium fix for this problem, but the correction can be made to X11R5
sources by editing the file "src/mit/server/ddx/sun/sunCG3C.c". Find the
second buffer definition that looks like this:

   typedef struct cg3bc {
   #ifdef sparc
           u_char mpixel[128*1024];         /* bit-per-pixel memory */
           u_char epixel[128*1024];         /* enable plane */
   #endif
           u_char cpixel[CG3B_HEIGHT][CG3B_WIDTH];   /* byte-per-pixel memory */
   } CG3BC, CG3BCRec, *CG3BCPtr;

and change the instances of "128*1024" to "96*1024". Then recompile the
X server.

[thanks to Russ Poffenberger ([e-mail])]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  50)  Where can I find a dictionary server for xwebster?

    Webster's still owns the copyright to the on-line copies of Webster's
Dictionary which are found at various (university) sites. After it became
aware that these sites were then acting as servers for other sites running
xwebster and gnuemacs-webster, it asked that server sites close off external
access.
    [The NeXT machine apparently is also licensed to have the dictionary.
    A Webster daemon for NeXT machines is available from
iuvax.cs.indiana.edu (129.79.254.192) in "pub/webster/NeXT-2.0".]
    Unless you want to get a legal on-line copy yourself or can find a
site which can grant you access, you are probably out of luck.

    However, if you are a legitimate site, you'll want to pick up the
latest xwebster, as-is on ftp.x.org:contrib/xwebster.tar.Z [10/91]; the file
xwebster.README includes discussions of the availability, illegality, and
non-availability of dictionary servers.

[courtesy [e-mail] (Steve Miller) and [e-mail] (Niels
Mayer) 11/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  51)  TOPIC: OBTAINING X AND RELATED SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  52)  Is X public-domain software?

    No. The X software is copyrighted by various institutions and is not
"public domain", which has a specific legal meaning. However, the X
distribution is available for free and can be redistributed without fee.
    Contributed software, though, may be placed in the public domain by
individual authors.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  53)  How compatible are X11R3, R4, and R5? What changes are there?

The Release Notes for each release of X11 specify the changes from the
previous release.  The X Consortium tries very hard to maintain compatibility
across releases.  In the few places where incompatible changes were necessary,
details are given in the Release Notes.  Each X11 distribution site on the
network also offers the Release Notes that go with the release they offer; the
file typically can be found at the top of the distribution tree.

[Stephen Gildea, 1/92]

The comp.windows.x.intrinsics FAQ-Xt lists Xt differences among these
versions.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  54)  When is X11R6 rumored to be available?

The tentative schedule, mentioned at the January X Conference, is:
        Beta Release: February 11, 1994
        Final Release: April 15, 1994
    Public Release: April 25, 1994
    Contrib Release: June 1, 1994

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  55)  When is Fresco rumored to be available?

Fresco is a C++-based X11 interface which should be available with X11R6, as
a draft standard.  It draws several design ideas from InterViews and will
ultimately incorporate much of the functionality of Xt and Xlib, and add some
significant new capabilities in the areas of structured graphics, device and
resolution independent drawing models, a standard object model (OMG CORBA)
and interface definition language (CORBA IDL), and application linking and
embedding.

There is a writeup on Fresco in the Proceedings of the 7th Annual X Technical
Conference, published in Issue 5 of the X Resource, published by O'Reilly and
Associates, ISBN 1-56592-020-1.  At this time source code is available only
to Consortium members.

[Information from Kaleb Keithley ([e-mail]) and Matt Landau ([e-mail]);
1/94.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  56)  Where can I get X11R5 (source and/or binaries)?

Information about the Consortium's distribution of the sources on 6250bpi and
QIC-24 tape and its distribution of hardcopy of the documents is available
from Software Center, Technology Licensing Office, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 28 Carleton Street, Room E32-300, Cambridge MA 02142-1324,
phone:  [phone].

You will need about 100Mb of disk space to hold all of Core and 140MB to hold
the Contrib software donated by individuals and companies.

PLEASE use a site that is close to you in the network.

Note that the RELEASE notes are generally available separately in the same
directory; the notes list changes from previous versions of X and offer a
guide to the distribution.

              North America anonymous FTP:

California      gatekeeper.dec.com              pub/X11/R5
        16.1.0.2
California      soda.berkeley.edu               pub/X11R5
        128.32.131.179
Indiana         mordred.cs.purdue.edu           pub/X11/R5
        128.10.2.2
Maryland        ftp.brl.mil                     pub/X11R5
        128.63.16.158 (good for MILNET sites)
Massachusetts   crl.dec.com                     pub/X11/R5
        192.58.206.2
Massachusetts   ftp.x.org                       pub/R5
        198.112.44.100 (crl.dec.com is better)
Michigan        merit.edu                       pub/X11R5
        35.1.1.42
Missouri        wuarchive.wustl.edu             packages/X11R5
        128.252.135.4
Montana         ftp.cs.montana.edu              pub/X.V11R5
        192.31.215.202
New Mexico      pprg.eece.unm.edu               pub/dist/X11R5
        129.24.24.10
New York        azure.acsu.buffalo.edu          pub/X11R5
        128.205.7.6
North Carolina  cs.duke.edu                     dist/sources/X11R5
        128.109.140.1
Ohio            ftp.cis.ohio-state.edu          pub/X.V11R5
        128.146.8.52
Ontario         ftp.cs.utoronto.ca              pub/X11R5
        128.100.1.105
Washington DC   x11r5-a.uu.net                  X/R5
        192.48.96.12
Washington DC   x11r5-b.uu.net                  X/R5
        137.39.1.12

           Europe/Middle East/Australia anonymous FTP:

Australia       munnari.oz.au                   X.V11/R5
        128.250.1.21
Denmark         freja.diku.dk                   pub/X11R5
        129.142.96.1
United Kingdom  src.doc.ic.ac.uk                graphics/X.V11R5
        146.169.3.7 hpb.mcc.ac.uk                   pub/X11r5
        130.88.200.7
Finland         nic.funet.fi                    pub/X11/R5
        128.214.6.100
France          nuri.inria.fr                   X/X11R5
        128.93.1.26
Germany         ftp.germany.eu.net              pub/X11/X11R5
        192.76.144.129
Israel          cs.huji.ac.il                   pub/X11R5
        132.65.6.5
Italy           ghost.sm.dsi.unimi.it           pub/X11R5
        149.132.2.1
Netherlands     archive.eu.net                  windows/X/R5
        192.16.202.1
Norway          ugle.unit.no                    pub/X11R5
        129.241.1.97
Norway          nac.no                          pub/X11R5
        129.240.2.40
Switzerland     nic.switch.ch                   software/X11R5
        130.59.1.40

             Japan anonymous FTP:

Kanagawa        sh.wide.ad.jp                   X11R5
        133.4.11.11
Kwansai         ftp.ics.osaka-u.ac.jp           X11R5
        133.1.12.30
Kyushu          wnoc-fuk.wide.ad.jp             X11R5
        133.4.14.3
TISN            utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp           X11R5
        133.11.11.11
Tokyo           kerr.iwanami.co.jp              X11R5
        133.235.128.1
Tokyo           scslwide.sony.co.jp             pub/X11R5
        133.138.199.1

                UUCP:

uunet           for UUNET customers             ~/X/R5 decwrl existing
neighbors only         ~/pub/X11/R5
osu-cis                                         ~/X.V11R5
        (not online until ~ 9 Sept)
utai            existing neighbors only         ~/ftp/pub/X11R5
hp4nl           Netherlands only                ~uucp/pub/windows/X/R5



                 NFS:
Missouri        wuarchive.wustl.edu             /archive/packages/X11R5
        128.252.135.4                   mount point: /archive

                 AFS:
Pennsylvania    /afs/grand.central.org/pub/X11R5

             NIFTP (hhcp, cpf, fcp, ...):
United Kingdom  uk.ac.ic.doc.src                <X.V11R5>
        00000510200001 user "guest"

                  anon FTAM:
United Kingdom  000005102000 (Janet)            X.V11R5
        146.169.3.7 (Internet) 204334504108 (IXI)

                   ACSNet:
Australia       munnari.oz (fetchfile)          X.V11/R5
        Please fetch only one file at a time, after checking that a
        copy is not available at a closer site.

[9/2/91; updated for contrib 10/91]

Anyone in Europe can get a copy of the X.V11R5 distribution, including the
core and contributed software and all official patches, free of charge.  The
only requirement is to agree to return the tapes, or equivalent new tapes.
Only QIC and TK format cartridges can be provided.  Contact: Jamie Watson,
Adasoft AG, Nesslerenweg 104, 3084 Wabern, Switzerland.  Tel: [phone]
or +41 62 61.41.21; Fax: [phone]; [e-mail].

UK sites can obtain X11 through the UKUUG Software Distribution Service, from
the Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, in several tape
formats.  You may also obtain the source via Janet (and therefore PSS) using
Niftp (Host:  uk.ac.ic.doc.src Name: guest Password: your_email_address).
Queries should be directed to Lee McLoughlin, 071-589-5111#5037, or to
[e-mail] or [e-mail] (send a Subject line of
"wanted"). Also offered are copies of comp.sources.x, the ftp.x.org contrib
and doc areas and most other announced freely distributable packages.

X11R5 and X11R4 source along with X11R5 contrib code, prebuilt X binaries for
major platforms (R5.21), and source code examples from O'Reilly's books is
available on an ISO-9660-format CD-ROM from O'Reilly & Associates. [6/92].

X11R5 source is available on ISO-9660-format CD-ROM for members of the Japan
Unix Society from Hiroaki Obata, [e-mail].

X11R5 source along with GNU source, the comp.sources.x archives, and SPARC
binaries is available on an ISO-9660-format CD-ROM from PDQ Software,
510-947-5996 (or Robert A. Bruce, [e-mail]).

X11R5 source is available from Automata Design Associates, [phone].

X11R5 source is part of the Free Software Foundation GNU CD-ROM (2nd Edition);
[phone].

Various users' groups (e.g. SUG) offer X sources cheaply, typically on
CD-ROM.

Source and binaries for the Andrew User Interface System 5.1 are available on
CD-ROM.  The binaries are for four common systems and include XV11R5 binaries
for three of them.  Information: [e-mail],
412-268-6710, fax [phone].  AUIS sources are also available via anonymous
ftp from emsworth.andrew.cmu.edu (128.2.45.40) and in various formats from the
    Andrew Consortium, 106 Smith Hall, Carnegie Mellon, 5000 Forbes Ave.,
    Pittsburgh PA 15213.

Binaries for X11R5, with shared libX11 and libXmu, for A/UX 2.0.1 are now
available from wuarchive.wustl.edu:/archive/systems/aux/X11R5.  Patches for
X11R5 compiled with gcc (but not shared libraries) are also available.  [John
L. Coolidge ([e-mail], 10/91)]

A binary tree for the Next by Douglas Scott ([e-mail]) is
on foxtrot.ccmrc.ucsb.edu; it is missing the server, though.

Binaries for the Sun386i are in vernam.cs.uwm.edu:/sun386i.

Binaries for the HP-PA are on hpcvaaz.cv.hp.com (15.255.72.15).

Binaries of X11R5.26 for Sun3/SunOS4.1.1 systems are on ftp.cad.gatech.edu as
X11R5.pl26.slim.sun3.gcc258.tar.gz; the distribution includes also binaries of
common X tools.

Binaries of X11R5 for Solaris 2, packaged for installation with pkgadd, are in
camus.quintus.com:/pub/X11R5.

Source and binaries for HP-UX 8.*/9.0(S300/400/700/800) and Domain 10.4 (68K,
DN 10K) are available through the Interworks Users Group; contact Carol Relph
at 508-436-5046, fax [phone], or [e-mail].

Patches to X11R5 for Solaris 2.1 by Casper H.S. Dik ([e-mail]) et al
are on ftp.x.org in contrib/{R5.SunOS5.patch.tar.Z,R5.SunOS5.patch.README}.

Patches to X11R5 for the Sun Type 5 keyboard and the keyboard NumLock are
available from William Bailey ([e-mail]).

X servers for color and monochrome NeXT machines is on foxtrot.ccmrc.ucsb.edu
in /pub/X11R5-MouseX.tar.Z. Source patches are expected to be on orst and
sonata as X11R5-source.patch.tar.Z.

An X11R5 package for multi-lingual users is available (for SunOS 4.1.3 and
Solaris 2.1 and later) on ftp.waseda.ac.jp (133.9.1.32) in
ftp/pub3/X11R5/binaries/.

Also:

Binaries are available from Unipalm ([phone], [e-mail]),
probably for the Sun platforms.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  57)  Where can I get XDM's Wraphelp.c ?

X11R5 supports a DES-based form of authorization.  There are several
implementations of the file Wraphelp.c, which may be missing from your
distribution; one is on ftp.psy.uq.oz.au:/pub/X11R5.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  58)  Where can I get patches to X11R5?

    The release of new public patches by the X Consortium is announced
in the comp.windows.x.announce newsgroup.

    Patches themselves are available via ftp from ftp.x.org and from other
sites from which X11 is available. They are now also distributed through the
newsgroup comp.sources.x. Some source re-sellers may be including patches in
their source distributions of X11.

    People without ftp access can use the xstuff mail server. It now has
26 patches for X11R5 [11/93].  Send to [e-mail] the Subject line
        send fixes #
where # is the name of the patch and is usually just the number of the patch.

    Here are a few complications:
    1) fix 5 is in four parts; you need to request "5a", "5b", "5c" and
"5d" separately
    2) the file sunGX.uu, which was part of an earlier patch, was
re-released with patch 7 [note: the file doesn't work with Solaris]
    3) fix 8 is in two parts: "8a" and "8b"
    4) fix 13 is in three parts: "13a", "13b", and "13c"
    5) fix 16 is in two parts: "16a" and "16b"
    6) fix 18 replaces the R5fix-test1 for the X Test Suite, which
previously was optional
    7) fix 19 also needs PEXlib.tar.Z, which you can obtain from xstuff
by asking for "PEXlib.uu.[1234]".
    8) fix 22 is in 9 parts, "22a" through "22i"

The MIT Software Center, in addition to offering the entire system on tape, is
offering a new tape with public patches 1-23.  Tapes are available in 6250bpi
9-track reel-to-reel and QIC-24 cartridge formats.  Information: +1 617 258
8330

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  59)  What is the xstuff mail-archive?

    The xstuff server is a mail-response program. That means that you mail
it a request, and it mails back the response.  Any of the four possible
commands must be the first word on a line.  The xstuff server reads your
entire message before it does anything, so you can have several different
commands in a single message (unless you ask for help).  The xstuff server
treats the "Subject:" header line just like any other line of the message.

    The archives are organized into a series of directories and
subdirectories.  Each directory has an index, and each subdirectory has an
index. The top-level index gives you an overview of what is in the
subdirectories, and the index for each subdirectory tells you what is in it.

    1) The command "help" or "send help" causes the server to send you a
more detailed version of this help file.
    2) if your message contains a line whose first word is "index", then
the server will send you the top-level index of the contents of the archive.
If there are other words on that line that match the name of subdirectories,
then the indexes for those subdirectories are sent instead of the top-level
index.  For example, you can say "send index fixes" (or "index fixes"). A
message that requests an index cannot request data.
    3) if your message contains a line whose first word is "send", then
    the xstuff server will send you the item(s) named on the rest of the
line. To name an item, you give its directory and its name. For example
        send fixes 1 4 8a 8b 9
You may issue multiple send requests.
    The xstuff server contains many safeguards to ensure that it is not
monopolized by people asking for large amounts of data. The mailer is set up
so that it will send no more than a fixed amount of data each day. If the work
queue contains more requests than the day's quota, then the unsent files will
not be processed until the next day.  Whenever the mailer is run to send its
day's quota, it sends the requests out shortest-first.
    4) Some mailers produce mail headers that are unusable for extracting
return addresses.  If you use such a mailer, you won't get any response.  If
you happen to know an explicit path, you can include a line like
    path [e-mail] or path bar!foo!frotz in the body
    of your message, and the daemon will use it.

    The xstuff server itself can be reached at [e-mail].  If your
mailer deals in "!" notation, try sending to
{someplace}!mit-eddie!x.org!xstuff.

[based on information from the X Consortium, 8/89, 4/90.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  60)  Where can I get X11R4 (source and binaries)?

Note: X11R4 is used by Motif 1.1 implementations. However, it is becoming
increasingly difficult to find in electronic form. This list has been winnowed
down as sites are found to have removed R4 sources. You may be able to find
R4 sources on machines offering X11R5 sources.

    Integrated Computer Solutions, Inc., ships X11R4 on half-inch,
quarter-inch, and TK50 formats. Call 617-621-0060 for ordering information.

    The Free Software Foundation (617-876-3296) sells X11R4 on half-inch
tapes and on QIC-24 cartridges.

    Yaser Doleh ([e-mail]; P.O. Box 1301, Kent, OH 44240) is
making X11R4 available on HP format tapes, 16 track, and Sun cartridges. [2/90]

    European sites can obtain a free X11R4 distribution from Jamie Watson,
who may be reached at chx400!pan!jw or [e-mail]. [10/90]

    Non Standard Logics ([phone]; [e-mail]) makes source
available.

    IXI Limited ([phone]) is selling X11R4 source on quarter-inch
cartridge formats and on 5.25" and 3.5" floppy, with other formats available on
request. [IXI, 2/90]

    Virtual Technologies (703-430-9247) provides the entire X11R4
compressed source release on a single QIC-24 quarter-inch cartridge and also on
1.2meg or 1.44 meg floppies upon request. [Conor Cahill
([e-mail]) 2/90]

    Young Minds (714-335-1350) makes the R4 and GNU distributions available
on a full-text-indexed CD-ROM.

[Note that some distributions are media-only and do not include docs.]

    X11R4 is ftp-able from ftp.x.org; these sites are preferable, though,
and are more direct:

                        Machine                  Internet      FTP
    Location            Name                     Address       Directory
    --------            -------                  --------      -------------
(2) Central USA         giza.cis.ohio-state.edu  128.146.8.61  pub/X.V11R4
    Southeast USA       uunet.uu.net             192.48.96.2   X/R4
(4) UK Janet            src.doc.ic.ac.uk         129.31.81.36  X.V11R4
    UK niftp            uk.ac.ic.doc.src                       <XV11R4>
(5) Australia           munnari.oz.au            128.250.1.21  X.V11/R4

The giza.cis.ohio-state.edu site, in particular, is known to have much of the
contrib stuff that can be found on ftp.x.org.

The release is available to DEC Easynet sites as CRL::"/pub/X11/R4".

Sites in Australia may contact this address: ftp.Adelaide.EDU.AU [129.127.40.3]
and check the directory pub/X/R4. The machine shadows ftp.x.org and archives
comp.sources.x. (Mark Prior, [e-mail], 5/90)

A set of X11R4 binaries built by Tom Roell ([e-mail])
for the 386/ix will available from ftp.x.org in /contrib and in
/pub/i386/X11R4 from 131.159.8.35 in Europe. Stephen Hite
([e-mail]) can also distribute to folks without ftp facilities
via disks sent SASE; contact him for USmail and shipping details. [12/90] In
addition, the binaries are available via uucp from szebra [1-408-739-1520, TB+
(PEP); ogin:nuucp sword:nuucp] in /usr2/xbbs/bbs/x.  In addition, the source is
on zok in /usrX/i386.R4server/. [2/91] In addition, if you are in the US, the
latest SVR4 binary (April 15), patches, and fonts are available on
piggy.ucsb.edu (128.111.72.50) in the directory /pub/X386, same filenames as
above. (Please use after 6pm Pacific, as these are large files.) [5/91]

A set of HP 9000/800 binaries is available on hpcvaaz.cv.hp.com (15.255.72.15)
as ~ftp/pub/MitX11R4/libs.x800.Z. [2/91]

A set of X11R4 binaries for the NeXT 2.x have been made available by Howie Kaye
on cunixf.cc.columbia.edu

A set of binaries by John Coolidge ([e-mail]) for the Mac running
A/UX 2.0 is available from wuarchive.wustl.edu in the file
(/archive/systems/aux/X11R4/Xupdate2.tar.Z). Also in X11R4/diffs is a set of
patches for making X11R4 with shared libraries with mkshlib.

A complete distribution of SCO X11R4 binaries by Baruch Cochavy
([e-mail]) can be found on uunet. The server is Roell's
X386 1.1b, compiled for ET4000 based SVGA boards.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  61)  Where can I get OSF/Motif?

    You can obtain either OSF/Motif source or binaries from a number of
vendors.
    Motif 1.2.3 source is now available; it is based on X11R5.
    Motif 1.1 is based on the R4.18 Intrinsics and is finished [7/92] at
1.1.5.
    A conformant Motif implementation not based on OSF-derived source is
being developed by [e-mail] (Paul Fox).
    An OSF/Motif source license must be obtained from OSF before source can
be obtained from the Open Software Foundation or any value-added vendor for
any version. Call the Direct Channels Desk at OSF at 617-621-7300 for ordering
information.

    Various hardware vendors produce developer's toolkits of binaries,
header files, and documentation; check your hardware vendor, particularly if
that vendor is an OSF member.
    In addition, independent binary vendors produce Motif toolkits for
machines for which Motif is not supported by a vendor; the kits include varied
levels of bug-fixing and support for shared libraries and are based on widely
divergent version of Motif:
    Quest Windows (408-496-1900) sells kits for Suns, as well;
    IXI ([phone]) offers kits for Sun3 and Sun4.
    NSL ([phone]; [e-mail]) offers kits for the Sun 3
and Sun 4.
    Bluestone Consulting, Inc. (609-727-4600) offers Motif 1.1.5 & 1.2 for
SunOS, and Motif 1.2 (X11R5) for Solaris 2.1 & 2.2.
    ICS (617-621-0060) makes several binary kits, notably for Sun, DEC.
    HP and DEC have announced support for Motif on Sun systems.
    Unipalm ([phone]) currently offers for Sun systems a Motif
Development Kit including X11R4 and based on Motif 1.1.2. The US distributor is
Expert Object Corp (708-926-8500).
    BIM ships Motif 1.1 binaries for Suns. Shared library support is
included. Contact Alain Vermeiren ([e-mail]) or Danny Backx ([e-mail])
at +32(2)759.59.25 (Fax : [phone]) (Belgium).
    SILOGIC (+33 61.57.95.95) ships Motif 1.2 and Motif 1.1 on Sun
machines.
    S.I. Systems offers Motif 1.2 for Solaris 2.1; info: 1-800-755-8649 in
USA and Canada.
    Metro Link Inc. (305-970-7353, [e-mail]; in Europe contact
ADNT, (33 1) 3956 5333, UniVision (UK) Ltd. (44) 628 82 22 81) ships an
implementation of X11R4 and Motif 1.1.2 (including a shared-library
implementation of libXm.a) for the 386/486 Unix market.  Motif 1.1.2 is
also available for Sun Sparc based workstations. It has also announced
Motif 1.2.3 for Solaris and Linux systems.
    in GmbH  ([phone], [e-mail]) offers development and user
kits for SunOS and Solaris.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  62)  Does Motif work with X11R4? X11R5?

    Motif 1.2 is based on X11R5.
    Motif 1.1, available in source form from OSF as of August 1990, uses
the "vanilla" X11R4 Intrinsics, where "vanilla" means "with just a few
patches"; the file fix-osf which OSF distributes is obsoleted by the
Consortium's patches 15-17.  The file fix-osf-1.1.1 distributed with the
1.1.1 version or its subsequent modification needs to be applied after fix-18,
though.

    Motif 1.1.1 to 1.1.3 will work with X11R5 if X11R5 is compiled with
-DMOTIFBC; 1.1.4 and later should work with the vanilla R5, although there are
some known new geometry-management problems.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  63)  Where can I get toolkits implementing OPEN LOOK?

    Sun's XView has a SunView-style API. Version 3.2 is available (7/93)
from xview.ucdavis.edu in /pub/XView/XView3.2 or ftp.x.org in
/contrib/xview3.2.

    XView and X binaries for the Sun 386i ("roadrunner") are available for
ftp from svin01.win.tue.nl (131.155.70.70), directory pub/X11R4_386i.
    Supported binaries of XView 2.0 or 3.0 include:

XView for non-Sun Platforms  (domestic and selected international vendors).
Several are also available from Sun; contact your local sales office.

Amiga        GfxBase, Inc.        1881 Ellwell Drive
(AmigaDOS)    [phone]        Milpitas, CA 95035
        Fax: [phone]

SGI
Sony (NEWS-OS)
IBM RS/6000
HP 9000
DECstation    UniPress Software    2025 Lincoln Highway
(Ultrix)    [phone]        Edison, NJ 08817
        Fax: [phone]

        UniPress Software, Ltd.        PO Box 70
        44-624-661-8850            Viking House
        Fax: [phone]        Nelson Street
                        Douglas, Isle of Man
                        United Kingdom

DEC VAXstation    TGV            603 Mission Street
(VMS)        (800) TGV-3440        Santa Cruz, CA 95060
        [phone]
        Fax: [phone]

        Unipalm Ltd.            145-147 St. Neots Road
        44-0954-211797            Hardwick
        Fax: [phone]        Cambridge CB3 7QJ
                        England

Intel 386    Quarterdeck Office    150 Pico Boulevard
(DOS)        Systems            Santa Monica, CA 90405
        [phone]
        Fax: [phone]

Intel 386    SunSoft Corporation    6601 Center Drive West
(Interactive    310-348-8649        Suite 700
 UNIX and                Los Angeles, CA  90045
 SCO UNIX)

Stardent    Scripps Institute    Clinic MB-5
(Stellix OS    Fax: [phone]    10666 N. Torrey Pines Road
 and Titan OS)    Include mailstop MB-5    La Jolla, CA 92057
        By ftp: 192.42.82.8 in pub/binary/{Xview.README,XView.tar.Z}

    AT&T's OPEN LOOK GUI 3.0 Xt-based toolkit is now generally available
[2/92]; contact 1-800-828-UNIX#544 for information. Binaries are produced
for SPARC systems by International Quest Corporation (408-988-8289). A version
of the toolkit is also produced under the name OLIT by Sun.
    More recent versions of OLIT have been ported to IBM 6000 and DEC MIPS
by both UniPress and ICS. OLIT is also available for HP from Melillo Consulting
(908-873-0075). MJM (Somerset, NJ) makes OLIT 4.0 for HP 7xx series running
HPUX 8.0, DECstations, and RS/6000s [thanks to Joanne Newbauer,
[e-mail], 908-522-6677.]

    Sun is shipping OpenWindows 3.0; contact your local sales
representative for more details; the package includes toolkit binaries and
header files.

    ParcPlace's (formerly Solbourne's) extensible C++-based Object
Interface Library, which supports run-time selection between Open Look or
Motif, is available from 303-678-4626. [5/92]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  64)  Where can I get other X sources? (including R5 modifications)

    The MIT Software Center ships the X Test Suite on tape.

    A multi-threaded version of Xlib based on X11R5 patch 12 is now
available for anonymous FTP from (new version 1/93):
        DEC on gatekeeper.dec.com (16.1.0.2) in /pub/X11/contrib/mt-xlib-1.1
        MIT on ftp.x.org in /contrib/mt-xlib-1.1
Note that this source code will not become the Xlib used in X11R6, although
the Consortium is planning to make Xlib thread-safe with that release.

    HP has made available drivers to permit the building of the X11R5
sample server on the HP 9000 Series 700 workstations; the files are on
ftp.x.org in ~ftp/contrib/R5.HP.SRV. [8/92]

    The Edinburgh University Computing Service and European X User Group
have created an on-line index of public domain X software. The index is
available through gopher and provides an index of the ftp.x.org/contrib
archive, the comp.sources.x archive and various X software found around the
internet. The service holds manual pages, README files , etc which can be
browsed through. A keyword search of the manual pages is also provided.
Information: [e-mail].

    User-contributed software is distributed through the newsgroup
comp.sources.x, moderated by Chris Olson ([e-mail]); also check
that group for posting information.

    Richard Hesketh ([e-mail]) has been creating a list of freely-
available X sources.  The list is stored on ftp.x.org in contrib as
x-source-list.Z. It lists the main storage locations for the program and
international sites from which it may be ftp'ed.

    The machine ftp.x.org has a great deal of user-contributed software in
the contrib/ directory; a good deal of it is present in current or earlier
versions on the X11R3, X11R4, and X11R5 contrib tapes. There are also
directories for fixes to contrib software.  The file on ftp.x.org in
contrib/0ftpxorg.dir.Z is a quick overall index of the software in that area,
provided by Daniel Lewart ([e-mail]).

    These sites used to and may still mirror ftp.x.org and are of particular
use for Australasia: Anonymous ftp: ftp.Adelaide.EDU.AU; ACSnet Fetchfile:
sirius.ua.oz.

    The material on giza.cis.ohio-state.edu, which tends to duplicate
the ftp.x.org archives, is also available via anonymous UUCP from osu-cis, at
TB+ and V.32 speeds.  Write to [e-mail] (same as osu-cis!uucp)
for instructions. [the archive is now maintained by Karl Kleinpaste]

    A new west-coast UUCP X11 Archive is administered by Mark Snitily
([e-mail]) and contains the full X11 distribution, the XTEST
distribution, an entire archive of comp.sources.x and other goodies.
    The machine zok has a TB+ modem which will connect to 19.2K, 2400,
1200 baud (in that order).  The anonymous UUCP account is UXarch with password
Xgoodies.  The modem's phone number is 408-996-8285.
    A sample Systems (or L.sys) entry might be:
           zok Any ACU 19200 4089968285 in:--in: UXarch word: Xgoodies
    To get a current listing of the files that are available, download
the file "/usrX/ls-lR.Z".
    A full subject index of the comp.sources.x files is available in the
file "/usrX/comp.sources.x/INDEX".
    The machine has just the one modem, so please do not fetch large
amounts of data at one sitting.
[courtesy Mark Snitily, 2/90]

In addition, UUNET Source Archives (703-876-5050) tracks comp.sources.x and
provides 800MB+ of compressed programs on 6250 bpi tapes or 1/4" tapes.  It
also mirrors ftp.x.org/contrib in its packages/X directory.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  65)! Where can I get interesting widgets?

    The Free Widget Foundation (FWF) library sponsored by Brian Totty
([e-mail]) is now [2/93] available on a.cs.uiuc.edu (128.174.252.1)
in pub/fwf-v3.53.shar.Z. The set of widgets there is intended to form the basis
for future contributions. To be added to the discussion list, send to
[e-mail] a message saying "subscribe <listname> <your-full-name>"
where <listname> is one of free-widgets-announce, free-widgets-development, or
free-widgets-bugs.
    An object like the Windows "combo box" is part of the Xm++ class
library.
    Harald Albrecht's ([e-mail]) Motif implementation
of the ComboBox object from MSWindows is available on
ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de (137.226.112.172) in pub/packages/ComboBox and
on ftp.x.org. Version 1.20b became available 2/94.
    A library by Jean Michel Leon ([e-mail]) which adds
"inset" facilities to Xt is available on ftp.x.org in
contrib/insetlib-0.2.tar.gz.
    The XmBoss widget by Doyle Davidson ([e-mail]) is a
generic Motif 1.1 layout manager that implements geometry  management through
application callbacks; sources are on ftp.x.org.
    The Xew widget set by Markku Savela ([e-mail]) contains
widgets for data representation.  Version 1.4 [5/93] is on ftp.x.org in
contrib/Xew-1.5.tar.Z.
    Peter Ware's Xo "Open Widget" set, which has Motif-like functionality,
is on archive.cis.ohio-state.edu as pub/Xo/Xo-2.1.tar.Z [8/92].
    The AthenaTools Plotter Widget Set Version 6-beta [7/92] maintained by
Peter Klingebiel ([e-mail]) includes many graph and plotting
widgets; a copy is on ftp.x.org in plotter.v6b.tar.Z, plotter.doc.tar.Z,
plotter.afm.tar.Z, and plotter.README. The latest versions may in fact be on
[e-mail] (131.234.2.32) in /unix/tools, which appears to contain
version 6.0.7.
    An advance version of Marc Quinton's Motif port of the FWF MultiList
widget is in ftp.stna7.stna.dgac.fr:pub/MultiList.tar.Z [143.196.9.31].
    Additional widgets are available on the contrib/ portion of the X11R4
tapes; these include the Xcu set.
    Paul Johnston's ([e-mail]) X Control Panel widget set
emulates hardware counterparts; sources are on ftp.x.org in Xc-1.3.tar.Z.
    O'Reilly Volume 4, Doug Young's book, the Asente/Swick book, and Jerry
Smith's "Object-oriented Programming with the X Window System Toolkits" all
include details on writing widgets and include several useful widgets; sources
are typically on ftp.x.org and/or UUNET.  Doug Young's book, in particular,
contains a version of a tree-like layout object (root and multiple leaves).
    The Dirt interface builder includes the libXukc widet set which extends
the functionality of Xaw.
    A graph widget and other 2D-plot and 3D-contour widgets by Sundar
Narasimhan ([e-mail]) are available from ftp.ai.mit.edu as
/pub/users/sundar/graph.tar.Z. The graph widget has been updated [3/91]
with documentation and histogram capabilities.
    A graph widget is available from ftp.stna7.stna.dgac.fr in
pub/Graph.tar.Z; it uses a segment list for drawing and hence supports a zoom
operation.
    Ken Lee's Xm widget (demo) that uses Display PostScript to draw labels
at a non-horizontal angle is on ftp.x.org in contrib/dpslabel.tar.Z.
    The Table widget (works like troff TBL tables) is available in several
flavors, one of which is with the Widget Creation Library release
(ftp.x.org:/contrib/Wcl-2.5.tar.Z).
    Bell Communications Research has developed a Matrix widget for complex
application layouts; it's on ftp.x.org in contrib/Xbae-widgets-3.8.tar.Z [2/93.
The distribution also includes a "caption" widget to associate labels with
particular GUI components. (7/92)
    Dan Connolly's ([e-mail] ??) XcRichText interprets RTF data;
it's on ftp.x.org as contrib/XcRichText-1.2.tar.Z.
    The XmGraph Motif-based graphing widget is on iworks.ecn.uiowa.edu in
/comp.hp/GUI_classic/XmGraph.tar.Z although it may not be stable.
    A TeX-style Layout widget by Keith Packard is described in the
proceedings of the 7th X Technical Conference (O'Reilly X Resource volume 5);
source is available on ftp.x.org contrib/Layout.tar.Z.

    A version of Lee Iverson's ([e-mail]) image-viewing tool
is available as contrib/vimage-0.9.3.tar.Z on ftp.x.org. The package also
includes an ImageViewPort widget and a FileDialog widget. [12/91;5/92]
    An MPEG viewer by Jan Newmarch ([e-mail]) is on
ftp.x.org in mpeg_wdgt2.0b.tar; it requires Motif.
    In addition, the PEXt toolkit by Rich Thomson ([e-mail]) is
available on ftp.x.org as PEXt.tar.Z; it includes a PEX widget making it
easier to use PEX in Xt-based programs.
    A Motif port of the Xaw clock widget is in ftp.stna7.stna.dgac.fr
in pub/Clock.tar.Z.
    A modification of the Xaw ScrollBar widget which supports the arrowhead
style of other toolkits is on ftp.x.org in contrib/Xaw.Scrollbar.mta.Z.

    A release of the R5 Xaw widgets with a 3D visual appearance by Kaleb
Keithley (now [e-mail]) is available on ftp.x.org in
contrib/Xaw3d/R5/Xaw3d-0.6.tar.Z. The library, which is binary-compatible
with Xaw, implements a 3D subclass which handles the extra drawing.

    The Andrew User Interface System supplies an extensive collection of
widgets including full-blown editors for text, rasters, figures, tables, and
so on.

Also:
    The Xmt "Motif Tools", Dovetail Systems's shareware library of 9
widgets and many convenience functions, is available from ftp.x.org:contrib
and ftp.ora.com:/pub/xbook/Xmt in xmt-README and xmt-1.0.tar.Z.
    The Xtra XWidgets set includes widgets for pie and bar charts, XY
plots, Help, spreadsheets, data entry forms, and line and bar graphs.  Contact
Graphical Software Technology at 310-328-9338 ([e-mail]) for information.
    The XRT/graph widget, available for Motif, XView and OLIT, displays
X-Y plots, bar and pie charts, and supports user-feedback, fast updates and
PostScript output. Contact KL Group Inc. at 416-594-1026 ([e-mail]).
    The Acme Widget Set from EDB (212-978-8822) includes a 2D graph widget
that can be configured like a stripchart.
    A set of data-entry widgets for Motif is available from Marlan
Software, 713-467-1458 ([e-mail]).
    A set of graph widgets is available from Expert Database Systems
(212-370-6700).
    A set of OSF/Motif compound widgets and support routines for 2D
visualization is available from Ms Quek Lee Hian, National Computer Board,
Republic of Singapore; Tel : [phone]; Fax : [phone];
[e-mail], [e-mail].
    The ICS Widget Databook includes a variety of control widgets and
special-purpose widgets, available on a variety of platforms.  Information:
617-621-0060, [e-mail].
    Information on graphing tools may be obtained from [e-mail]
([phone], fax: [phone]).
    in GmbH ([phone], [e-mail]) offers the "grinx" widget for
drawing vector graphics with dynamic attributes such as blinking and rotation.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  66)  Where can I get a good file-selector widget?

    The Free Widget Foundation set offers a FileSelector widget, with
separate directory path and file listing windows, and the FileComplete, which
has emacs-style file completion and ~ expansion.
    Other available file-requestor widgets include the XiFileSelector from
Iris Software's book, the xdbx file-selector extracted by David Nedde
([e-mail]), and the FileNominator from the aXe distribution.
    The GhostView, Xfig, and vimage packages also include file-selector
widgets.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  67)  Where can I find a hypertext widget in source code?

    A hypertext widget was posted to comp.sources.x.  It can be found in
volume 16 of the archives at ftp.uu.net under the name "hman".  The
distribution includes a hypertext widget with both Athena and Motif
compatability (set at compile-time) and hman, a Motif-based man reference page
reader that uses the widget to look up other man topics.  [Joe Shelby
([e-mail]); 6/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  68)  What widget is appropriate to use as a drawing canvas?

    Some widget sets have a widget particularly for this purpose -- a
WorkSpace or DrawingArea which doesn't display anything but lets your Xt
application know when it has been re-exposed, resized, and when it has received
user key and mouse input.
    The best thing to do for other widget sets -- including the Athena set
-- is to create or obtain such a widget; this is preferable to drawing into a
core widget and grabbing events with XtAddEventHandler(), which loses a number
of benefits of Xt and encapsulation of the functionality .
    The publicly-available programs xball and xpic include other versions.
The Display widget in the XG library (libXG-2.0.tar.Z on ftp.x.org) provides a
generic way of drawing graphics in a widget.
    The Athena Widget manual (mit/doc/Xaw/Template in the R5 distribution)
includes a tutorial and source code to a simple widget which is suitable for
use.
    The Free Widget Foundation set contains a Canvas widget.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  69)  What is the current state of the world in X terminals?

Jim Morton ([e-mail]) posts quarterly to comp.windows.x a list of
manufacturers and terminals; it includes pricing information.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  70)  Where can I get an X server with a touchscreen or lightpen?

    Labtam ([phone], fax [phone]) offers a 19" Surface
Acoustic Wave touch-screen option on its Xengine terminals.
    Tektronix (1-800-225-5434) provides an X terminal with the Xtouch
touch-screen. This terminal may also be resold through Trident Systems
(703-273-1012).
    Metro Link (305-970-7353) supports the EloGraphics Serial Touch Screen
Controllers.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  71)  Where can I get an X server on a PC (DOS or Unix)?

    X11R5 already provides a server to many 386/486 *Unixes* with
support for many of the popular video graphics adapters; and for other
non-MSDOS PCs you can obtain a server from these sources:

    XFree86 (formerly X386 1.2E) is an enhanced version of X386 1.2, which
was distributed with X11R5; it includes many bug fixes, speed improvements, and
other enhancements. Source for version 2.0 [10/93] is on ftp.x.org in
pub/contrib, ftp.physics.su.oz.au in /XFree86, and ftp.win.tue.nl in
/pub/XFree86. In addition, binaries are on ftp.physics.su.oz.au, and
ftp.win.tue.nl among other systems. Info: [e-mail].
    Note: this package obsoletes Glenn Lai's Speedup patches for an
enhanced X11R5 server for 386 UNIXes with ET4000 boards (SpeedUp.tar.Z on
ftp.x.org).

    Metro Link Inc. (305-970-7353, [e-mail]; in Europe contact
ADNT, (33 1) 3956 5333) ships an implementation of X11R4 for the 386/486 Unix
market.

    SGCS offers X386 Version 1.3, based on Thomas Roell's X11R5 two-headed
server, in binary and source form. Information: 408-255-9665, [e-mail].

    ISC, SCO, UHC, and other well-known operating-system vendors typically
offer X servers.

    For MSDOS PCs:

Daniel J. McCoy ([e-mail]) has started posting monthly a
list of non-UNIX servers for PCs, Macs, and Amigas; it includes pricing
information. The current copy is kept on ftp.x.org in contrib as
XServers-NonUNIX.txt.Z.

An article on PC X servers appears in the March 2, 1992 Open Systems Today.

    Also of possible use:

    Net-I from Programit (212-809-1707) enables communication among
DOS, OS/2 and Unix machines and can be used to display PC sessions on your
Unix X display.


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  72)  Where can I get an X server on a Macintosh running MacOS?

    eXodus from White Pine Software (603-886-9050) runs on any Mac with
at least 1MB of memory and supports intermixing of X and Mac windows and
also supports the SHAPE extension. Version 5.0 became available 10/93.

    Apple's MacX runs on MacPlus or newer machines with >= 2MB of memory
and system software 6.0.4 or later. Version 1.1 is fully X11R4-based.  It
supports full ICCCM-compatible cut and paste of text AND graphics between the
Macintosh and X11 worlds, the SHAPE extension (including SHAPEd windows on the
Macintosh desktop), an optional built-in ICCCM-compliant window manager, X11R4
fonts and colors, a built-in BDF font compiler, and built-in standard
colormaps. Upgrades to MacX are available by ftp from aux.support.apple.com.
Info: 408-996-1010.
    [Note: MacX is also the name of a vax-mac xmodem transfer utility.]

    Machten sells a MacOS X server based on R4 and also a Mach
implementation for the Macintosh, including X and Motif support.

    Also:

    Liken (1-800-245-UNIX or [e-mail]) software enables monochrome
68000 Mac applications to run on a SPARC system running X.
    Xport (1-800-245-UNIX (415-572-0200) or [e-mail]) enables Mac
applications to display on an X-based workstation by turning the Mac into an X
client. [Note: there are questions on whether this product is still available.]
    Intercon has a product called Planet-X which enables Mac applications
to display on an X server.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  73)  Where can I get X for the Amiga?

    The new Amiga 3000 machines offer an X server and OPEN LOOK tools and
libraries on a full SVR4 implementation.

        GfxBase, Inc. provides "X11 R4.1" for the AmigaDos computer; it
contains X11R4 clients, fonts, etc., and a Release 4 color server. An optional
programmer's toolkit includes the header files, libraries, and sample programs.
Info from GfxBase, 408-262-1469. [Dale Luck
(uunet!{cbmvax|pyramid}!boing!dale); 2/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  74)  Where can I get a serial-based X server for connecting from home?

    Until LBX (q.v.) is more common, an option includes NCD's PC-XView
with PC-Xremote.
    sxpc 1.2 (by Robert Andrew Ryan ([e-mail])) is a simple X
protocol compressor. Sources are on atk.itc.cmu.edu (in sxpc-1.0.shar.Z), or
from ftp.x.org (in contrib/sxpc-1.2.shar.Z)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  75)  Where can I get a fast X server for a workstation?

    The R5 server should be among the fastest available for most machines.

    Sun sells a "Direct Xlib" product which improves rendering for
applications running on the same machine as the X server; the replacement Xlib
library accesses graphics hardware directly using Sun's Direct Graphics Access
(DGA) technology.

Several companies are making hardware accellerator boards:

    Dupont Pixel Systems (302-992-6911), for Sun.

    Megatek's (619-455-5590) X-cellerator board for the Sun 3 and Sun 4 is
based on the TI 34020; the company claims performance improvements of 5x to
10x over the sample X11R3 server.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  76)  Where can I get a server for my high-end Sun graphics board?

        Takahashi Naoto (Electrotechnical Laboratory, [e-mail]) has
modified the X11R5 server to support the Sun CG8, CG9, and CG12 boards.
The files are on ftp.x.org in contrib/Xsun24-3.[01].tar.Z.  Note that both
files are necessary to build Xsun24-3.1.

    The R5 Xsun Multi-screen server is a general purpose replacement for
the MIT server/ddx/sun layer; it supports multiple framebuffers of the same
type and implements several other features above the MIT implementation.
Available on ftp.x.org in the file contrib/R5.Xsun.multi-screen.tar.Z. [Kaleb
Keithley, now [e-mail], 12/91; the file was updated 24 Mar 1993.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  77)  Where can I get an "X terminal" server for my low-end Sun 3/50?

    Seth Robertson ([e-mail]) has written Xkernel; the current
version [1.4 as of 8/91, 2.0 expected RSN] is on sol.ctr.columbia.edu
[128.59.64.40] in /pub/Xkernel.gamma. It turns a Sun 3/50 into a pseudo- X
terminal; most of the overhead of the operating system is side-stepped, so it
is fairly fast and needs little disk space.
    A similar approach is to run the regular X server by making /etc/init
a shell script which does the minimal setup and then invokes Xsun, like this
example script from [e-mail]:

#! /bin/sh
exec >/dev/console 2>&1
/etc/fsck -p /dev/nd0
case $? in
     0)    ;;
     4)    /etc/reboot -q -n
         ;;
     8)    echo ND fsck failed - get help
         /etc/halt
         ;;
     12)    echo Interrupted
         /etc/reboot
         ;;
     *)    echo Unknown error in reboot fsck - get help
         /etc/halt
         ;;
esac
/bin/dd if=/tmp-fs of=/dev/nd2 bs=512 count=128 >/dev/null 2>&1
/etc/mount /dev/nd2 /tmp
/etc/ifconfig le0 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 132.206.41.255
/etc/mount -o ro apollo:/u2/x11/lib /local/lib/X11
/etc/route add default 132.206.41.1 1 >/dev/null
set `/etc/ifconfig le0`
exec /Xsun -once -multidisp -mux -query \
    `(sh -vn </local/lib/X11/xdm-servers/$2 2>&1)`

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  78)  What terminal emulators other than xterm are available?

    People from PCS have rewritten xterm from scratch using a multi-widget
approach that can be used by applications. Emu supports features like color,
blinking text/cursors. Emulations can be added on the fly; one emulation
provided is for the Vt220. A version is on the R5 contrib tape; the newest
release is on ftp.x.org [10/93] in contrib/emu.tar.gz.  For more information,
contact [e-mail].

    A set of modifications for color support to xterm is on ftp.x.org in
xterm_color.diffs.Z.

    mxterm, a Motif-based xterm is available from the Paderborner
ftp-Server [e-mail] (131.234.2.32), file
/unix/X11/more_contrib/mxterm.tar.Z. A version is also on ftp.x.org, as
is apparently a set of color modifications.

    The Color Terminal Widget provides ANSI-terminal emulation compatible
with the VTx00 series; a version is on ftp.x.org in contrib/CTW-1.1.tar.Z. A
Motif version is on ftp.stna7.stna.dgac.fr in pub/Term-1.0.tar.Z.

    kterm 4.1.2 is an X11R4-based vt100/vt102 (and Tektronix 4014) terminal
emulator that supports display of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean text (in VT
mode).  Also supported are: ANSI color sequences, multi-byte word selection,
limited Compound Text support, and tab and newline preservation in selections.
kterm 4.1.2 is also available from these anonymous ftp sites:
    clr.nmsu.edu:pub/misc/kterm-4.1.2.tar.Z  [128.123.1.14]
    ftp.x.org:contrib/kterm-4.1.2.tar.Z
    kum.kaist.ac.kr:pub/unix/Xstuffs/kterm-4.1.2.tar.Z  [137.68.1.65]
[courtesy of Mark Leisher <[e-mail]> ]
    kterm-5.2.0.tar.gz is now on ftp.x.org [1/94].

    mterm, by [e-mail], is an X terminal emulator
which includes ANSI X3.64 and DEC emulation modes.  mterm can be had by ftp to
larry.mcrcim.mcgill.edu (132.206.1.1), in X/mterm.src/mterm.ball-o-wax.

    color_xterm is available from ftp.x.org.

    Cxterm is a Chinese xterm, which supports both GB2312-1980 and the
so-called Big-5 encoding.  Hanzi input conversion mechanism is builtin in
cxterm.  Most input methods are stored in external files that are loaded at run
time.  Users can redefine any existing input methods or create their own ones.
The X11R5 cxterm is the rewritten of cxterm (version 11.5.1) based on X11R5
xterm; it is in the R5 contrib software.  [thanks to Zhou Ning
<[e-mail]> and Steinar Bang <uunet!idt.unit.no!steinarb>.]

    XVT is available on ftp.x.org's contrib in xvt-1.0.tar.Z and
xvt-1.0.README. It is designed to offer xterm's functionality with lower swap
space and may be of particular use on systems driving many X terminals. A
second version, 2.0, is on unix.hensa.ac.uk in misc/unix/xvt/xvt-2.0.tar.Z
(see also xvt-2.0.patch[12]).

    x3270 is in X11R5 contrib/.

    The typescript application and inset in the Andrew User Interface
System offers a shell script interface.  It does not provide curses support,
but does permit general cut/copy/paste to construct commands or extract a
portion of the log.

    hanterm (2.0), by [e-mail], is an xterm modified to
support Hangul (Korean writing system) input/output.  It's available at
several Korean archives(cair.kaist.ac.kr,kum.kaist.ac.kr,etc) and
seoul.caltech.edu in the US. This version makes obsolete an older version not
based on xterm.
    Another experimental hanterm implementation, hanterm (3.0 alpha), is
underway by Chang Hyeong-Kyu at [e-mail]; it was written to support
a 3-byte Hangul code (dictionary ordered), which can compose all possible
Hangul characters.

Also:
    IBM sells a 3270 emulator for the RS/6000 (part #5765-011); it's based
on Motif.

    Century Software (801-268-3088) sells a VT220 terminal emulator for X.
VT102, Wyse 50 and SCO Color Console emulation are also available.

    Grafpoint's TGRAF-X provides emulation of Tektronix 4107, 4125, and
42xx graphics terminals; it's available for most major platforms. Information
(inc. free demo copies): 800-426-2230; Fax. [phone]; uunet!grafpnt!sales.

    IXI's X.deskterm, a package for integrating character-based
applications into an X environment, includes a number of terminal-emulation
modules. Information: [phone]. [5/90]

    Pericom produces Teem-X, a set of several emulation packages for a
number of Tek, DEC, Westward, and Data General terminals. The software runs on
Sun 3, Sun 4, Apollo, DEC, ISC, IBM/AIX. Information: US: 609-895-0404,
UK: [phone]. [5/90]

    SCO's SCOterm ([e-mail]), part of its Open Desktop environment, is
a Motif-compliant SCO ANSI color console emulator.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  79)  Does xterm offer colored text or a blinking cursor?

    No; these features are not offered by the xterm program.  However,
several of the emulators mentioned above do offer these features; the list is
partial:
    - mterm, color-xterm, CTW and emu support colored text
    - mterm and emu support blinking text
    - mterm and emu support block and underline text cursors
    - emu supports a blinking text cursor

[Thanks to Michael Elbel ([e-mail]); 10/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  80)! Where can I get an X-based editor or word-processor?

    You can ftp a version of GNU Emacs, the extensible, customizable,
self-documenting, real-time display editor, including X11 support, from
prep.ai.mit.edu [18.71.0.38]:/pub/gnu/. Version 19 has some mouse/menu support.

    Epoch is a modified version of Gnu Emacs (18) with additional
facilities useful in an X environment. Current sources are on cs.uiuc.edu
(128.174.252.1) in ~ftp/pub/epoch-files/epoch; the current [3/92] version is
4.0. [In Europe, try unido.informatik.uni-dortmund.de].  There are two
subdirectories:  epoch contains the epoch source, and gwm contains the source
to the programmable window manager GWM, with which epoch works well.]
You can get on the Epoch mailing list by sending a request to
[e-mail].

    Lucid Emacs is a version of GNU Emacs derived from an early version of
Emacs version 19.  It currently requires X Windows to run;  X support is
greatly enhanced over GNU Emacs version 18, including support for multiple X
windows, input and display of all ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) characters, Zmacs/Lispm
style region highlighting, a customizable Motif-like menubar, more powerful
keymap support, flexible text attributes, support on regional and screen-local
basis through X resources and/or lisp, and support for the X11 selection
mechanism. Lucid Emacs is free; the latest version (9/93) is 19.8, and is
available from labrea.stanford.edu (36.8.0.112) in the pub/gnu/lucid directory.

    The Andrew system on the X11 contrib tapes has been described as one of
the best word-processing packages available. It supports word processing with
multi-media embedded objects: rasters, tables/spread sheets, drawings, style
editor, application builder, embedded programming language, &c. Release 5.1
became available 2 June 92.  [Fred Hansen ([e-mail])]
    You may be able to use the Remote Andrew Demo service to try this
software; try "finger [e-mail]" for help.

    The InterViews C++ toolkit contains a WYSIWIG editor called Doc; it
saves and loads files in a LaTeX-*like* format (not quite LaTeX).  The package
can also import idraw-PostScript drawings.

    aXe (by [e-mail]), a multi-buffer, multi-window text
editor based around the Xaw Text Widget, is available on ftp.x.org and
arjuna.newcastle.ac.uk (128.240.150.1) as aXe-6.0.tar.Z (also get the patch
to 6.1) [1/94].  aXe offers a hypertext help system and extension via Tcl.

    TED is a simple Motif-based text editor; it is a wrapper around the
Motif text widget which offers search/replace, paragraph formatting, and
navigation features. TED is available from ftp.eos.ncsu.edu (152.1.9.25) as
/pub/bill.tar.Z; here are also executables there.

    Point, by [e-mail] (Charlie Crowley), is Tcl/Tk-based
and offers dyanimic configuration and programming in the Tcl macro language.
The editor is available from unmvax.cs.unm.edu (129.24.16.1) as
pub/Point/point1.1-tar.Z.

    asedit, by Andrzej Stochniol ([e-mail]) is on ftp.x.org in
contrib/asedit.tar.Z. It is a simple text editor built around the Motif Text
widget. Version 1.2 was released 10/93.

    jed is available from rhino.cis.vutbr.cs in pub/software/czech.

    xcoral is on ftp.inria.fr; it also has bindings similar to emacs and
has a built-in browser for C and C++ code. A version is also on
ftp.Uni-Oldenburg.DE:pub/unix/appl/edit/xcoral-1.72.tar.Z.

    The powerful "sam" editor by Rob Pike is split into a host portion and
a front-end graphics portion, which now has an X implementation.  sam is now
available by anonymous ftp from research.att.com, in dist/sam/bundle.Z.  Watch
that space for updated versions.  There is a mailing list for sam users;
requests to <[e-mail]>. A set of extensions
which augment the mouse activity with the keyboard is available from
uxc.cso.uiuc.edu in pub/sam/samx2.shar.Z. [5/93]

    textedit is part of Sun's OpenWindow's DeskSet and the public XView
distribution.

    The vi-like-microemacs editor VILE supports a pure-X mode, in which
it operates much like vi running in an xterm window. Version 3.65 is available
on ftp.cayman.com in pub/vile.

    NEdit 2.0 is a Motif-based text editor. Sources are on ftp.x.org
and fnpspb.fnal.gov. Information: [e-mail].

    BETH is a Browsing and Editing Tcl Hypertool available from
harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in /pub/tcl/code/beth3.0.tar.gz. Info:
[e-mail] (David Svoboda)

    A calendar/rolodex program from [e-mail] (Marc Mengel)
can browse and edit other colon-separated field files. It requires Tk.

    The DGC Tools, on harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in
pub/tcl/code/dgctools-0.2.tar.Z, include Tke, a TclX/Tk-based
multi-window X11 text editor.  Info:  [e-mail] (Dave Clemans)

    The js tools, on harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in
pub/tcl/code/jstools-tk3.2v1.0.tar.Z and on princeton.edu in
pub/js/jstools-tk3.2v1.0.tar.Z, include a extensible text editor. Info: Jay
Sekora ([e-mail])

    Mxedit, a fully functional Tk based editor based on a stand-alone Tk
edit widget, is on harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in pub/tcl/code/mxedit.2.1.tar.Z.
and parcftp.xerox.com in pub/mxedit/mxedit.2.1.tar.Z.  Info:
[e-mail] (Brent Welch)

[thanks in part to Larry W. Virden ([e-mail])]

Also:

    Elan Computer Group (Mountain View, CA; 415-964-2200) has announced the
Avalon Publisher 2.0, an X11/OPEN LOOK WYSIWYG electronic publishing system.

    FrameMaker and FrameWriter are available as X-based binary products for
several machines. Frame is at 800-843-7263 (CA: 408-433-3311).

    WX2 (formerly InDepthEdit) is available from Non Standard Logics
([phone]; [e-mail]).

    Buzzwords International Inc. has an editor called 'Professional Edit'
that runs under X/Motif for various platforms.  Info: [phone].

    DECwrite is available from DEC for some DEC hardware and SunWrite is
available from Sun.

    IslandWrite will soon be available from Island Graphics (415-491-1000)
([e-mail]) for some HP & Apollo platforms.

    Interleaf is currently available from Interleaf (800-241-7700,
MA: 617-577-9800) on all Sun and DEC platforms; others are under development.

    The Applixware office integration tools from Applix (1-800-8APPLIX,
MA: 508-870-0300) include a multi-font WYSIWG document composer; for several
systems.

    ArborText, Inc. provides an X11 version of its Electronic Publishing
program called "The Publisher". The Publisher is available on Sun, HP and
Apollo workstations. Contact Arbortext at 313-996-3566. [5/90]

    Iris Computing Laboratories offers the "ie" editor. Info:
[phone] or [e-mail].

    BBN/Slate from BBN Software Products includes a menu-driven word
processor with multiple fonts and style sheets.  It supports X on
multiple platforms. (617-873-5000 or [e-mail]) [11/90]

    Innovative Solutions (505-883-4252; or Brian Zimbelman,
is![e-mail]) publishes the user-configurable Motif-based Xamine
editor.

    Qualix offers a product. Information: [e-mail] or 800-245-UNIX
(415-572-0200).

    Typex is a Motif-based editor available for several systems.
Information: Amcad Research, 408-867-5705, fax -6209.

    WordPerfect offers an X-based version of WordPerfect 5.1 for several
workstations. Information: 801-222-5300 or 800-451-5151.

    Bradford Business Systems (714-859-4428) offers SpeedEdit for several
systems.

    VITAL (713-781-7406) offers the Crisp editor, a work-alike superset of
the popular BRIEF editor, for several systems.  Previously-available source
versions have been withdrawn from circulation.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  81)  Where can I get an X-based mailer?

    xmh, an X interface to mh, is distributed with the X11 release.

    Xmail is an X-based window interface to Berkeley-style mail handlers;
it is styled primarily after the Sunview mailtool application and builds on
most Unix systems. The current release [1/92] is 1.4, available in the MIT
X11R5 contrib tape and from ftp.x.org and uunet. Info: Jeff Markham,
[e-mail].

    adcmail (0.9 pre-release), on ftp.csc.liv.ac.uk provides all the
normal mail facilities (message management, aliases, etc.); work is underway
to tidy things up a little and to add MIME compliancy.

    MMH (My Mail Handler), a motif interface to the MH mail handler, is
available from ftp.eos.ncsu.edu (152.1.9.25) in pub/bill.tar.Z; it is bundled
with the TED editor, which it uses for composing messages. Motif 1.1 is
required; if you don't have it, look for DEC and SPARC executables in the same
place.  Information and problems to: Erik Scott, [e-mail]. [1/92]

    The Andrew Toolkit supports the Andrew Message System; it is available
from ftp.x.org and many other X archives and from emsworth.andrew.cmu.edu
(128.2.30.62), or send email to [e-mail]. Release 5.1 became
available 2 June 92.
    You may be able to use the Remote Andrew Demo service to try this
software; try "finger [e-mail]" for help.

    XMailTool is an Xaw-based interface to a BSD-style mail reader; version
2.0 was released 9/92. Information: Bob Kierski, [e-mail] or 612-683-5874.

    Cem is a Motif-based mailer using standard mailbox formats; it is on
nelson.tx.ncsu.edu in pub/Cem. Information: Sam Moore ([e-mail]).

    MuMail, an X-based elm-like mail program is available at
sipb.mit.edu:/pub/seyon/MUMAIL or sunsite.unc.edu in
/pub/Linux/system/Mail/Mumail-2.3b-tar.Z.

    Xelm is a work-in-progress by [e-mail] to construct an X
version of the elm mailer.

Also:

        Alfalfa Software offers Poste, a UNIX-based mailer that has Motif- and
command-based interfaces.  It includes support for multimedia enclosures, and
supports both the Internet and X.400 mail standards.  Information:
[e-mail], [phone].

    Z-Code Software offers Z-Mail for most Unix systems; binaries support
both tty and Motif interfaces. The mailer includes a csh-like scripting
language for customizing and extending mail capabilities.  Information:
[e-mail], [phone].

    Several vendors' systems include X-based mailers. DEC offers dxmail;
Sun offers an X-based mailtool; SCO ([e-mail]) includes SCOmail in its Open
Desktop product. HP offers the MPower product.

Several integrated office-productivity tools include mailers:

    The Applixware office integration tools from Applix (1-800-8APPLIX,
MA: 508-870-0300) include a mailer.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  82)! Where can I get an X-based paint/draw program?

Drawing Packages:

    xpic is an object-oriented drawing program. It supports multiple font
styles and sizes and variable line widths; there are no rotations or zooms.
xpic is quite suitable as an interactive front-end to pic, though the
xpic-format produced can be converted into PostScript. (The latest version is
on the R4 contrib tape in clients/xpic.)

    xfig (original work by Supoj Sutanthavibul, with additional work and
currently maintained by Brian V. Smith ([e-mail])) is an
object-oriented drawing program supporting compound objects.  The xfig format
can be converted to PostScript or other formats. Recent versions are on the
R5 contrib tape or on ftp.x.org in /contrib/R5fixes (version 2.1.8 [10/93]).

        idraw supports numerous fonts and various line styles and arbitrary
rotations. It supports zoom and scroll and color draws and fills. The file
format is a PostScript dialect. It can import TIFF files. Distributed as a part
of the InterViews C++ toolkit (current release 3.1, from
interviews.stanford.edu) .

    tgif by William Cheng ([e-mail]) is available from most
uucp sites and also from ftp.x.org and from cs.ucla.edu. It is frequently
updated; version 2.14 was released 8/93 (up to patch9 12/93).

    figure in the Andrew User Interface System (versions 5.2 and above) is
a general drawing package which also allows arbitrary Andrew insets to be part
of the drawing.

    Picasso 3.8, an interactive drawing tool in the style of idraw,
is on zenon.inria.fr in pub/tk (it requires tk and tclX).

Commercial Draw Products:

    FrameMaker has some draw capabilities. [4/90]
    Dux Ta-Dah!, 1-800-543-4999
    Arts&Letters Composer, 214-661-8960
    Ficor AutoGraph, 513-771-4466
    IslandGraphics offers IslandDraw.  Info: 415-491-1000.

    BBN/Slate from BBN Software Products includes a full-featured draw and
paint program with object grouping and multiple patterns; multiple X platforms.
(617-873-5000 or [e-mail]). [11/90]

    Corel Draw, 613-728-8200; ported to X by Prior Data Sciences
800-267-2626

    sphinx is a family of tools for the realization of dynamic drawings;
it contains the vector-drawing objecft grinx and an interactve X-based editor.
The toolbox is available from in GmbH ([phone], [e-mail]).

Paint Packages:

    XPaint 2.1, by David Koblas ([e-mail]), is a color
bitmap/pixmap editing tool featuring most standard paint program options.  It
allows for the editing of multiple images simultaneously and supports various
formats, including PPM, XBM, etc.  The current version is available for ftp
from ftp.x.org as contrib/xpaint-2.1.1.tar.Z [1/94]

    A new OpenWindows PostScript-based graphical editor named 'ice' is now
[2/91] available for anonymous ftp from Internet host lamont.ldgo.columbia.edu
(129.236.10.30).  ice (Image Composition Environment) is an imaging tool that
allows raster images to be combined with a wide variety of PostScript
annotations in WYSIWYG fashion via X11 imaging routines and NeWS PostScript
rasterizing. (It may require OpenWindows and Sun C++ 2.0.)

    The "pixmap" program by Lionel Mallet ([e-mail]) for
creating pixmaps is on the R5 contrib tape; it resembles the bitmap client.
Version 2.4 is now available [2/94] on ftp.x.org and avahi.inria.fr.

    A version of Robert Forsman's ([e-mail]) xscribble,
an 8-bit paint program for X, is now on ftp.cis.ufl.edu in pub/thoth/. [2/93]

    Although MetaCard is not generally classified as a paint program, a
full 24-bit color image editor is built into the program, which can be used for
light image editing and for producing color icons ([e-mail]). MetaCard
is available via anonymous FTP from ftp.metacard.com, csn.org, or
128.138.213.21.

    pixt by J. Michael Flanery ([e-mail]) produces XPM output; it
is available on ftp.x.org.

    xpe on ftp.x.org produces XPM output.

    Phoenix is a 24-bit editor for editing of photos, notably. An
alpha is on nic.funet.fi:pub/graphics/packages/phoenix.

Commerial Paint Products:

    DEC Ultrix includes the dxpaint bitmap editor.
    OpenWindows includes the olpixmap editor.
    SCO ODT includes the SCOpaint editor.
    HP VUE includes the vueicon editor.
    Dux Ta-Dah!, 1-800-543-4999
    Arts&Letters Composer, 214-661-8960
    IslandGraphics offers IslandPaint. Info: 415-491-1000.

    BBN/Slate from BBN Software Products includes a full-featured draw and
paint program with object grouping and multiple patterns; multiple X platforms.
(617-873-5000 or [e-mail]). [11/90]

Several integrated office-productivity tools include draw/paint capabilities:

    The Applixware office integration tools from Applix (1-800-8APPLIX,
MA: 508-870-0300) include draw/paint capabilities.

[thanks in part to Stephen J. Byers ([e-mail]), J. Daniel
Smith ([e-mail]), and David Koblas
([e-mail])]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  83)  Where can I get an X-based plotting program?

These usually are available from uucp sites such as uunet or other sites as
marked; please consult the archie server to find more recent versions.
See also the comp.graphics FAQ.

 gnuplot    X (xplot), PostScript and a bunch of other drivers.
    ftp.x.org [and elsewhere]:contrib/gnuplot3.4a.tar.Z

 gl_plot    X output only [?]
    comp.sources.unix/volume18

 graph+
    yallara.cs.rmit.oz.au:/pub/graph+.tar.Z [131.170.24.42]
    comp.sources.unix/volume8

 pdraw,drawplot        2D and 3D X,PS
    scam.berkeley.edu:/src/local/3dplot.tar.Z [128.32.138.1]
    scam.berkeley.edu:/src/local/contour.tar.Z [128.32.138.1]
    scam.berkeley.edu:/src/local/drawplot.tar.Z [128.32.138.1]
    uunet:~ftp/contrib/drawplot.tar.Z

 xgraph        plot, zoom. Outputs PS or HPGL.
    shambhala.berkeley.edu:/pub/xgraph-11.tar.Z [128.32.132.54]
    sun1.ruf.uni-freiburg.de:X11/contrib/xgraph-11.tar.Z [132.230.1.1]
    nisc.jvnc.net:pub/xgraph-11.tar.Z [128.121.50.7]
    comp.sources.x/volume3
    or many other sites

 ACE/gr (formerly xvgr and xmgr) XY plotting tools
    ftp.ccalmr.ogi.edu [129.95.72.34]
    XView version: /CCALMR/pub/acegr/xvgr-2.10.tar.Z
    Motif version: /CCALMR/pub/acegr/xmgr-2.10.tar.Z
    [mirrored on ftp.x.org in /contrib/acegr]

 XGobi        An interactive dynamic scatter-plotting tool from Bellcore
    lib.stat.cmu.edu: general/xgobi* [log in as statlib with your email
    as the password; or send email to [e-mail] containing
    the one-line message "send xgobi from general"]
    Information from: Debby Swayne, [e-mail].

 Robot        a scientific XView-based graph plotting and data analysis tool
    ftp.astro.psu.edu:pub/astrod/robotx0.47.tar.Z [128.118.147.28]

 plotmtv    a multi-purpose 2D/3D plotter
    tanqueray.berkeley.edu:/pub/Plotmtv1.3.1.tar.Z
 XgPlot        Motif-based x-y graphing with a movie-loop display
    ftp.x.org:XgPlot-4.1.tar.Z


[2/91. Thanks in part to: [e-mail] (Ed Vielmetti); [e-mail]
(Geoffrey Leach); Paul A. Scowen ([e-mail]); [e-mail]
(Mike Black)]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  84)  Where can I get an X-based graph-drawing program?

    Xgrab reads a textual specification of a graph, lays out the graph
using heuristics to minimize the number of edge crossings, and displays the
graph as labeled nodes and edges in an X window. Sources are on
ftp.cs.washington.edu (128.95.1.4) as pub/xgrab.tar.Z. Interviews 2.6 is
required. [12/93]
    The DaVinci visualization tool can be used to display graphs.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  85)  Where can I get an X-based spreadsheet?

A version of "sc" for X and which supports Lotus files is available from
vernam.cs.uwm.edu in xspread2.1.tar.Z. It also includes graphing functions.
Information: [e-mail].

The GNU package OLEO is available in prep.ai.mit.edu:pub/gnu/oleo-1.5.tar.Z;
it can generate PostScript renditions of spreadsheets.

Also:

Several of the below are part of integrated office-productivity tools which may
also include word-processing, email, conferencing, image processing, and
drawing/painting, among other features.

Vendor                        Product    Contact Information
------                        -------    -------------------
Access Technology             20/20      508-655-9191
Informix                      WingZ      800-331-1763
Quality Software Products     Q-Calc/eXclaim    800-628-3999 (CA:213-410-0303)
Unipress                      Q-Calc     201-985-8000
Uniplex                       Uniplex    214-717-0068, 800-356-8063
Digital                  DECdecision   1-800-DIGITAL
Applix                  Applixware 508-870-0300, 1-800-8APPLIX.
AIS                  XESS     919-942-7801, [e-mail]
BBN Software Products         BBN/Slate  617-873-5000 [e-mail]
Elsid Software Systems          Ripcam     613-228-9468
Andrew Consortium          table     [e-mail]

SAS by the SAS Institute now has a spreadsheet module; the X version is
available on the current popular RISC platforms.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  86)  Where can I get X-based project-management software?

Vendor                            Product        Contact Information
------                -------        -------------------
Productivity Solutions        Ultra Planner    617-237-1600
Quality Software Products     MasterPlan Version, 310-410-0303 [e-mail]
Digital Tools, Inc.        AutoPLAN    408-366-6920, 800-755-0065
NASA                COMPASS        404-542-3265,
                        [e-mail]
GEC-Marconi Software Systems    GECOMO Plus    703-648-1551
GEC-Marconi Software Systems    SIZE Plus    703-648-1551
TEI, Inc            VUE        408-985-7100
Mantix                Cascade        703-506-8833
Advanced Management Solutions    Schedule Publisher    800-397-6829
Auburn University        ??        ??

[thanks to Pete Phillips; 7/92]
[thanks to Atul Chhabra ([e-mail]); 10/92]

Pete Phillips ([e-mail]) posts to comp.sources.wanted a
FAQ on project-management programs.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  87)! Where can I get an X-based PostScript previewer?

    Ghostscript is distributed by the Free Software Foundation
(617-876-3296) and includes a PostScript interpreter and a library of graphics
primitives. Version 2.6.1(.4) is now available; the major site is
prep.ai.mit.edu, although ftp.cs.wisc.edu is also recommended. [6/93]
Version 3.0 will include a full implementation of PostScript Level 2.

    GSPreview (by the Computing Laboratory of the University of Kent at
Canterbury) is an X user interface (WCL-based) to the Ghostscript 2.4-2.6
interpreter.  The source is available for anonymous ftp from
ftp.x.org as gspreview.2.3.tar.Z. [6/93]

    GhostView (by Tim Theisen, [e-mail]) is full-function user
interface for GhostScript. Check ftp.cs.wisc.edu or prep.ai.mit.edu for
/pub/ghostview-1.5.tar.Z [7/93]. There are also several executables available
on ftp.cs.wisc.edu:/pub/X/ghostview-exe for various architectures.

    XPsView (by Francois Bourdoncle, [e-mail]) is a Motif
wrapper around PsView, which is a X11 DSC Document viewer that can use both
XDPS and GhostScript as the interpreter engine. An early version was an the
Alpha Freeware CD. More recent versions are on gatekeeper.dec.com in
/pub/DEC/PRL/psview-1.32.tar.Z.

Also:

    ScriptWorks is Harlequin's software package for previewing and printing
PostScript(R) descriptions of text and graphics images; previewers for X are
available. For information call [phone] or send email to
[e-mail].

    Image Network's Xps supports the full PostScript language and renders
in color, grayscale, or monochrome. Fonts displayed are anti-aliased. Info:
Image Network, [phone].

    Digital's dxpsview runs on UWS 2.1 and 2.2.

    Sun's pageview runs with the X11/NeWS server.

    Showpage, the PostScript previewer from Adobe Systems, is available
from ICS as part of the Display PostScript System for Sun Solaris 1 (SunOS).
More information is available from ICS at [e-mail], or [phone],
or Fax at [phone].

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  88)  Where can I get an X-based GKS package?

    The latest freely-available XGKS can be obtained from
[e-mail]; this is a 2c implementation derived from the
X11R4 contrib XGKS from IBM and the University of Illinois. The release
is on unidata.ucar.edu [128.117.140.3] as pub/xgks.tar.Z. [12/90]
    In addition, Grafpak-GKS is available from Advanced Technology Center
(714-583-9119).
    GKSUL is available from [e-mail] (ULowell CS department). It is
a 2b implementation which includes drivers for a variety of devices. It can be
passed an X window ID to use. The package includes both C and Fortran bindings.

[11/90; from [e-mail] and from [e-mail]]

    An XgksWidget is produced by Neil Bowers ([e-mail];
[e-mail]); the latest [10/91] conforms with the new version of
XGKS (2.4). It is available on ftp.x.org in contrib/xgks-widget.tar.Z.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  89)  Where can I get an X-based GL package?

    Xgl 2.0 is available [11/93] from ftp.thp.Uni-Duisburg.DE
(134.91.32.1), in files pub/source/X11/Xgl-2.0.tar.{Z|gz}.
    Certain vendors (SGI, IBM) are offering a GL package for X.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  90)  Where can I get an X-based PEX package?

    The first official release of PEX is with X11R5; fix-22 brings the
Sample Implementation server to version 5.1.

    The final PEX 5.1 Protocol specification is now available via anonymous
ftp to ftp.x.org, in the directory /pub/DOCS/PEX/. Changes made from the
Public Review draft are listed in the file "5.1P_changes" in that directory.
[9/92]

    The final PEXlib 5.1 document is on ftp.x.org in pub/DOCS/PEXlib.
[11/92]

    There is now available from the University of Illinois an
implementation of the PEX 4.0 specification called UIPEX. It contains a "near-
complete" implementation of PHiGS and PHiGS PLUS. The file
pub/uipex/uipex.tar.Z is on a.cs.uiuc.edu (128.174.252.1); the porting platform
was an RT running 4.3.  Questions and comments can to go [e-mail].

    In addition, the PEXt toolkit by Rich Thomson ([e-mail]) is
available on ftp.x.org as PEXt.tar.Z; it includes a PEX widget making it
easier to include PEX in Xt-based programs.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  91)  Where can I get an X-based TeX or DVI previewer?

    The xtex previewer for TeX files is available from a number of archive
sites, including uunet; the current version is usually on ftp.cs.colorado.edu
(128.138.204.31) in SeeTeX-2.18.5.tar.Z; pre-converted fonts are also on that
machine. The distribution all includes "mftobdf" which converts PK, GF, and PXL
fonts to BDF format, where they can then be compiled for use by your local X
server.
    The xdvi dvi-previewer is fairly comprehensive and easy to use. It is
also available from a number of sites, including uunet and ftp.x.org; current
version is patchlevel 16 [12/92].

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  92)  Where can I get an X-based troff previewer?

    X11R4 has two previewers for device-independent troff: the supported
client xditview, and the contributed-but-well-maintained xtroff. An earlier
version of xtroff also appeared on the R3 contributed source. xditview is also
in the R5 distribution.
    In addition, the xman client can be used to preview troff documents
which use the -man macros (i.e. man pages).
    If psroff is used its output can be viewed with a PostScript previewer.

    Groff, a C++-based [tn]roff document formatter from the Free Software
Foundation, includes an X-based document previwer based probably on xditview.
Groff can put out both dvi and PostScript, so xdvi or GhostView can be used
to preview formatted documents.

In addition:

    xproof, an X previewer for ditroff has been contributed by Marvin
Solomon ([e-mail]); version 3.5 is available on ftp.x.org in
contrib/xproof*.     [8/90]

    Elan Computer Group (CA: 415-964-2200) produces eroff, a modified
troff implementation, and Elan/Express, an X11 eroff previewer.

    SoftQuad (416-963-8337; USA only 800-387-2777, [e-mail] or
[e-mail]) offers SoftQuad Publishing Software, including a substantially-
rewritten troff formatter, a better intermediate language with backwards
compatibility, and an X11[R3,R4] previewer. (This is the package adopted by
AT&T's own MIS department, and used in and re-sold by many parts of AT&T).
[information from Ian Darwin, SoftQuad ([e-mail]) 3/90]

    Image Network (1-800-TOXROFF; CA: 415-967-0542) offers the Xroff
package, which includes a fine modified troff implementation and a set of
X11-based page previewers. (This is the package OEM'ed by several hardware
vendors.)

[mostly courtesy [e-mail] (Mark Moraes)] [2/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  93)! Where can I get a WYSIWYG interface builder (or other shortcuts)?

    A new release of the DIRT interface builder by Richard Hesketh works
with X11R5 and includes some support for the Motif widget set. From the README:
  This builder allows the interactive creation and rapid prototyping of X user
  interfaces using the X Toolkit and a number of Widget Sets.  Dirt generates
  "Wc - Widget Creation" resource files and this distribution also includes the
  Widget Creation Library (version 1.06, with the exception of the demos and
  Mri/Ari source code) with the kind permission of its author David E. Smyth.
Check dirt.README, dirt.A2.0.tar.Z, and dirt.PS.Z on ftp.x.org.

    The InterViews 3.0.1 C++ toolkit contains a WYSIWIG interface builder
called ibuild. ibuild generates code for an InterViews application complete
with Imakefile and an X-resource file. Documentation is /pub/papers/ibuild.ps
on interviews.stanford.edu (36.22.0.175).
    Quest Windows's (408-496-1900) ObjectViews C++ package includes an
interactive building tool.

    Druid (Demonstrational Rapid User Interface Development) runs on SPARC
machines using OSF/Motif 1.0; it is intended eventually to be a full UIMS but
apparently now has only support for creating the presentation components, for
which it generates C/UIL code. Info: Singh G, Kok CH, Ngan TY, "Druid: A System
for Demonstrational Rapid User Interface Development". Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH Symp
on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST'90). ACM, NY, 1990, pp:167-177.

    The XF builder (version 2.2.11) is a TCL builder; versions are on
barkley.berkeley.edu. You may subscribe to a mailing list by sending
"sub xf-l <Your name>" to [e-mail].

    ADEW in the Andrew User Interface System supports WYSIWYG user
interface construction with the full selection of AUIS insets, including text,
rasters, tables, and the usual interactors.  Semantics can be coded in C or in
Ness, the AUIS extension language.

Also:
    In addition, these commercial products (unsorted) are available in
final or prerelease form [the * following the product name indicates that the
product is known to allow the designer to specify for each widget whether a
particular resource is hard-coded or written to an application defaults file,
for at least one form of output]. Some are much more than user-interface tools;
some are full user interface management systems; information on most is not
up-to-date:

Product Name        Look/Feel    Code Output        Vendor

HP Interface        Motif 1.1    C(Xm)            HP/Visual Edge
 Architect/ UIMX
OPEN LOOK Express    OPEN LOOK    C(Xol+ helper lib)    AT&T /
                                Visual Edge
UIMX 2.0 *        Motif 1.1    C(Xm + helper code)    Visual Edge
                                514-332-6430
                                & distributors
X-Designer 1.1 *    Motif 1.1    C(Xm); C/UIL        Imperial
                                Software
                                Technology, Ltd
                                  ([phone])
                                [e-mail]
XFaceMaker2 (XFM2) *     Motif 1.0    C;C/script (C-like procedural
                    language);C/UIL
                                 NSL
                            (33 1 43 36 77 50)
                            [e-mail]
Builder Xcessory 3.0 *    Motif 1.2    C(Xm); C/UIL[r/w]    ICS
                    Ada; and reads GIL    (617-621-0060)
                                [e-mail]
Builder Xcessory 2.6 *    Motif 1.1    C(Xm); C/UIL[r/w]    DEC
                    [VMS; OSF/1]        (1-800-DIGITAL)
XBUILD 1.1 *        Motif 1.0    C(Xm); C/UIL         Nixdorf
                                (617-864-0066)
                            [e-mail]
iXBUILD            Motif 1.1    C(Xm); C/UIL        iXOS Software
                                [e-mail]
                                089/461005-69
TeleUSE 2.1 *        Motif 1.1.5    C(Xm); C/UIL[r/w]    Alsys(TeleSoft)
                                (619-457-2700)
                            [e-mail]
                            in Germany: in GmbH,
                            [phone],
                            [e-mail]
ezX 3.2            Motif 1.1    C(Xm +helper lib);C/UIL;Ada
                                Sunrise
                                (401-847-7868)
                                   [e-mail]
Snapix            Motif        C/Xm            ADNT
                                [phone]
OpenWindows Developers    OPEN LOOK     GIL [-> C/XView]    Sun
Guide 3.0                GIL [-> C++/XView]
                    GIL [-> C/OLIT]
                    GIL [-> C/PostScript for TNT]
ExoCode/SXM        Motif        C(Xm)            Expert Object
ExoCode/Plus        OPEN LOOK    XView            708-676-5555
TAE+ 5.3        Xw;Motif    C(Xw,Xm); C/TCL (TAE Control Language,
                    like UIL[needs helper library]);
                    VAX Fortran; Ada; C++
                            Nasa Goddard
                            301-286-6034
                            Century Computing
                            301-953-3330
MOB, XSculptor        Motif; OpenLook    C/Xm,UIL; C/Xol        Kovi
                                408-982-3840
PSM            PM, MSW 3.0,    C/UIL            Lancorp
            Motif 1.1.2,Mac                Pty Ltd.
                                [phone]
                                Fax:  [phone]
                                (Australia)
MOTIFATION *        Motif 1.1.x|1.2    C(Xm)            PEM Stuttgart
                               +49 (0) 0711/713045
                               +49 (0) 0711/713047 fax
                            [e-mail]
UIB            Open Look/Motif    C++(OI)            ParcPlace
                                [phone]
ILOG BUILDER        Motif                    ILOG
                                1 415 390 9000
                                [e-mail]
XVT-Design        Motif,OL,Windows,&c            XVT
                                303-443-4223
                                [e-mail]
Mimex            Motif 1.2    C(Xm); C/UIL[r/w]    Kernex
                                408-441-7376


Look for magazine reviews for more complete comparisons of meta-file formats,
documentation, real ease-of-use, etc; Unix World and Unix Review often carry
articles. See also SunExpert 5/93.

    ParcPlace is making freely available its popular ObjectBuilder(tm)
and Object Interface (OI(tm)) products for the Linux operating system.
ObjectBuilder is a GUI builder written completely in C++, that enables UNIX
C++ developers to apply the principles of object-orientation to the
development of user interfaces. OI, a C++ class library, provides the toolkit
foundation for ObjectBuilder. OI implements the look-and-feel of both Motif
1.2 and OPEN LOOK. OI is built directly on top of Xlib and is unencumbered by
runtime royalties to any party.  ObjectBuilder and OI are very extensible,
actively facilitating the use of subclassing to create new, reusable, user
interface components.  Sources are on tsx-11.mit.edu in
/pub/linux/packages/OI and available from ParcPlace ([phone]).

    In addition, Neuron Data (1 415 321-4488) makes Open Interface, a
window-system-independent object toolkit which supports interfaces which are
or resemble (supersets of) Mac, Windows, and Motif and Open Look; the package
includes an interface builder.

    In addition, the GRAMMI builder supports the development of Ada/X
applications using its own set of objects which have Motif look and feel.
GRAMMI is written in Ada and generates Ada specs and stub bodies.  Call
1-800-877-1815 or send mail to [e-mail] with subject "send grammi"
[without quotes].

    In addition, these non-WYSIWYG but related products may help for goals
of rapid prototyping of the application interface:

    WCL: the Widget Creation Library. Basically describes the widget
hierarchy and actions in a resources file; available from fine archive servers
everywhere, including devvax.jpl.nasa.gov (128.149.1.143) in pub/. Wcl provides
a very thin layer over Xt without any internal tweaking. Version 2.5 is current
[3/93].
    TCL/TK: TK is a Motif-like object set for use with the TCL scripting
language. There is also a package tclMotif on ftp.x.org which may be used to
add TCL scripting to Motif programs; version 1.1 was released 2/94.
    WAFE: Wafe is a package that implements a symbolic interface to the
Athena widgets (X11R5) and OSF/Motif.  A typical Wafe application consists of
two parts: a front-end (Wafe) and an application program which runs typically
as a separate process. The application program can be implemented in an
arbitrary programming language and talks to the front-end via stdio.  Since
Wafe (the front-end) was developed using the extensible TCL shell, an
application program can dynamically submit requests to the front-end to build
up the graphical user interface; the application can also down-load
application specific procedures into the front-end, which can be executed
without interaction with the application program. Wafe is available from
ftp.wu-wien.ac.at:pub/src/X11/wafe/wafe-0.96.tar.gz [10/93].
wafeperl 0.2, which links Perl 4.036 to Wafe 0.96, is available [12/93] from
ftp.wu-wien.ac.at in pub/src/X11/wafe/wafeperl-0.2.tar.gz.
    XGEN: a scripting language which can be used to prototype Motif
environments; available on ftp.x.org.
    WINTERP: an Xlisp-based Motif toolkit allows for interpretive
programming. The copy on the R4 tape is outdated; get a copy off ftp.x.org or
email to [e-mail].
    The Serpent UIMS permits the building of user-interfaces without
specific knowledge of coding but with an understanding of attributes being set
on a particular [Motif] widget.  Beta Release 1.2 is available from
ftp.sei.cmu.edu (128.237.1.13) and can be found in /pub/serpent.  Serpent is
also available on ftp.x.org (18.24.0.11) in /contrib/serpent. Email questions
can go to [e-mail]. A commercial version of Serpent is available as
"Agora" from ASET, 221 Woodhaven Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15228.
    Garnet is a Common Lisp-based GUI toolkit. Information is available
from [e-mail].
    MetaCard is a hypertext/Rapid Application Development environment
similar to Apple/Claris Corporation's HyperCard ([e-mail]). MetaCard
is available via anonymous FTP from ftp.metacard.com, csn.org, or
128.138.213.21. (Mailing list: [e-mail]).

Articles comparing these tools include:
    UnixWorld 5/92; SunWorld 12/92; LAN Computing 12/92; SunExpert 5/93.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  94)  Where can I find X tools callable from shell scripts?
I want to have a shell script pop up menus and yes/no dialog boxes if the user
is running X.

    Several tools in the R3 contrib/ area were developed to satisfy these
needs: yorn pops up a yes/no box, xmessage displays a string, etc. There are
several versions of these tools; few, if any, have made it to the R4 contrib/
area, though they may still be available on various archive sites.
    XScript, a collection of X shell scripts, is on csc.canberra.edu.au
under /pub/motif/xscript and also on ftp.x.org; it includes several stand-alone
X applications which can be embedded in shell scripts. XScript requires
tclMotif 1.0 or later.
    In addition, Richard Hesketh ([e-mail]) has posted the xmenu
package to comp.sources.x ("v08i008: xmenu") for 1-of-n choices.  [7/90]
    Two versions of XPrompt have been posted to comp.sources.x, the latter
being an unauthorized rewrite. [R. Forsman ([e-mail]), 1/91]
    There is a version of XMenu available from comp.sources.x; it is
being worked on and will likely be re-released.
    xp-1.1.tar.Z, xpick-1.0.tar.Z and xzap-1.0.tar.Z on ftp.x.org's
contrib/ are tools by [e-mail] which act as X versions
of the simple display and choice-making tools in K&P. [4/92]
    xtpanel lets the user build a panel containing interactive objects such
as buttons, sliders, text fields, etc., either from the command line or using a
simple scripting language. It is available for anonymous ftp from
hanauma.Stanford.EDU (36.51.0.16) as pub/X/xtpanel-3.01.tar.Z and may also be
found in the alt.sources archives.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  95)  Where can I get an X-based debugger?

    xdbx, an X interface to the dbx debugger, is available via ftp from
ftp.x.org. The current [1/91] version is 2.1 patchlevel 2.
    An X interface to gdb called xxgdb is more like xdbx 2.1.2. It is part
of comp.sources.x volume 11 [2/91]; xxgdb-1.06.tar.Z is on ftp.x.org.
    mxgdb is a Motif interface to gdb by Jim Tsillas
([e-mail]); version 1.2 was released 11/93.
    UPS is a source-level debugger which runs under the X11 (and SunView)
window systems on Sun, DEC, and Linux platforms. It is available from ftp.x.org
(18.24.0.11) as contrib/ups-2.45.tar.Z (also ups-2.45-to-2.45.2.patch.Z)
and unix.hensa.ac.uk (129.12.21.7) in /pub/misc/unix/ups (or try mail to
[e-mail]). [10/92] Unofficial fixes by Rod Armstrong
([e-mail]) are on unix.hensa.ac.uk in
/misc/unix/ups/contrib/[e-mail].

Also:
    MIPS produces a highly-customizable (WCL-based) Visual Debugger.
    You should be able to use Sun's dbxtool with its X11/NeWS server.
    The CodeCenter (617-498-3000) source-level debugger, available on most
major platforms, includes an X-based interface.
    AT&T offers the eXamine Graphical Interface, an X11 interface to dbx
and C++ dbx for Sun3 and Sun4 and sdb and sdb++ for 386 and 3B2 platforms. Call
1-508-960-1997 or contact [e-mail] for more information.
        Solbourne ([phone]) offers PDB, its X-based debugger for C, C++
and Fortran.  PDB uses the OI toolkit and runs in either Open Look or Motif
mode.
    SCO ([e-mail]) offers dbXtra as part of several development
systems.
        Lucid's Energize Programming System, a tightly integrated development
environment for C and C++ programs, incorporates a graphical user interface on
top of an extended version of gdb. Info:  [e-mail], or
[phone].

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  96)  How can I "tee" an X program identically to several displays?

    There are several protocol multiplexer tools which provide for the
simultaneous display of X clients on any number of machines.
    XMX (an X Protocol Multiplexor) is available from wilma.cs.brown.edu
(128.148.33.66) as pub/xmx.tar.Z It works independently of the server and does
not affect the application being shared; it was developed for use in the
electronic classroom. An update is expected soon [5/93].
    XTV is a conference program which can be used to duplicate the
"chalkboard" on several displays. Release 1 is available on the X11R5 contrib
tapes; a more recent version is on ftp.cs.odu.edu as pub/wahab/XTV.r2.tar.Z.
    SHX from Michael Altenhofen of Digital Equipment GmbH CEC Karlsruhe
also does this; it is a "WYSIWIS" (What You See Is What I See) package in the
context of a computer-based learning/training tool to provide online help from
remote tutors but is also useful for general window sharing. Information:
[e-mail].  SHX can be found on ftp.x.org and
        gatekeeper.dec.com:/pub/X11/contrib/shX.tar.Z,
        crl.dec.com:/pub/X11/contrib/shX.tar.Z
Modifications to SHX for color mapping and private color allocation by
Mark J. Handley ([e-mail]) are on cs.ucl.ac.uk in
car/shX.car.tar.Z.
    XTrap is implemented as a server/library extension and can be used
to record and then replay an x session. It is available as
ftp.x.org:/contrib/XTrapV33_X11R5.tar.Z.
    wscrawl can be used as a "multi-person paint program". It's available
on sax.stanford.edu as wscrawl.shar.Z. Binaries are on doppler.ncsc.org in
pub/wscrawl.
    Shdr implements a simple shared whiteboard, without a chalk-passing
mechanism. It's available on parcftp.xerox.com as pub/europarc/shdr.tar.Z.
    SketchPad 1.0 (3/93) is a distributed interactive graphical editor
particularly designed for sketching. Sources have been posted to alt.sources
and are available from ftp.igd.fhg.de (192.44.32.1) in ~ftp/incoming/sketchpad.
    The NESTOR project is described in "Upgrading A Window System For
Tutoring Functions", Michael Altenhofen et al., the proceedings of the EXUG
Conference 11/90.

Also of use:
        Hewlett-Packard Co. has a commercial product, "HP SharedX" which works
under HP-UX currently on their 300, 400, and 700 series workstations and their
HP 700/RX X Stations.  Machines receiving shared windows can be any X server.
HP SharedX consists of a server extensions and a Motif based user interface
process.  Contact your local HP sales rep. for more information.
    IBM offers a commercial product.
    Sun offers multi-user confering software called ShowMe.
    InSoft (Mechanicsburg, PA, USA, 717-730-9501) offers multi-user
conferencing software called Communique. Version 3.0 is available on Sun and
HP platforms.
    Vartalaap is a multiparty multimedia Conferencing System that works
over Unix sockets; the interfaceis based on XView.  It's available at
ftp.x.org under contrib/vartalaap.tar.Z.
    Collage is a synchronous collaborative data analysis tool for use
over the Internet.  Features include a shared whiteboard, screen
capture/sharing, a shared text editor, and data-analysis tools.  Sources are
on ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu (141.142.20.50) in /UNIX/XCollage/Collage1.2.  Version
1.2 became available 10/93.

[Thanks in part to [e-mail] (Tim Scott), 5/91, and to Peter Cigehn
([e-mail]), 8/92 ]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  97)  Can I use C++ with X11? Motif? XView?

    The X11R4/5 header files are compatible with C++. The Motif 1.1 header
files are usable as is inside extern "C" {...}. However, the definition of
String in Intrinsic.h can conflict with the libg++ or other String class and
needs to be worked around.

    Some other projects which can help:

    WWL, a set of C++ classes by Jean-Daniel Fekete to wrap X Toolkit
widgets, available via anonymous FTP from ftp.x.org as contrib/WWL-1.2.tar.Z
[7/92] or lri.lri.fr (129.175.15.1) as pub/WWL-1.2.tar.Z.  It works by
building a set of C++ classes in parallel to the class tree of the widgets.
    The C++ InterViews toolkit is obtainable via anonymous FTP from
interviews.stanford.edu. InterViews uses a box/glue model similar to that of
TeX for constructing user interfaces and supports multiple looks on the user
interfaces. Some of its sample applications include a WYSIWIG document editor
(doc), a MacDraw-like drawing program (idraw) and an interface builder
(ibuild).
    THINGS,  a class library written at the Rome Air Force Base by the
Strategic Air Command, available as freeware on archive sites.

    Motif++ is a public-domain library that defines C++ class wrappers
for Motif 1.1 and 1.2; it adds an "application" class for, e.g., initializing
X, and also integrates WCL and the Xbae widget set. This work was developed
by Ronald van Loon <[e-mail]> based on X++, a set of bindings
done by the University of Lowell Graphics Research Laboratory. The current
sources are available from decuac.dec.com (192.5.214.1) in
/pub/X11/motif++.28.jul.93.tar.gz; in the UK check src.doc.ic.ac.uk. Send to
[e-mail] to be added to the mailing list.

    Xm++ is a user interface framework for C++ using the Motif and Athena
toolkits.  Source is on ftp.x.org as contrib/Xm++.0.52.tar.Z; or email to
[e-mail].

    The source code examples for Doug Young's "Object-Oriented Programming
with C++ and OSF/Motif" [ISBN 0-13-630252-1] do not include "widget wrappers"
but do include a set of classes that encapsulates higher-level facilities
commonly needed by Motif- or other Xt-based applications; check ftp.x.org in
~ftp/contrib/young.c++.tar.Z.
    Rogue Wave offers "View.h++" for C++ programmers using Motif; info:
1-800-487-3217 or [phone].
    A product called "Commonview" by Glockenspiel Ltd, Ireland (??)
apparently is a C++-based toolkit for multiple window systems, including PM,
Windows, and X/Motif.
    Xv++ is sold by Qualix (415-572-0200; fax -1300); it implements an
interface from the GIL files that Sun's OpenWindows Developers Guide 3.0
produces to Xview wrapper classes in C++.

    UIT is a set of C++ classes embedding the XView toolkit; it is intended
for use with Sun's OpenWindows Developers Guide 3.0 builder tool. Sources are
on ftp.x.org as UIT.tar.Z. Version 2 was released 5/28/92.

    Also of likely use is ObjectCenter (Saber-C++). And a reasonable
alternative to all of the above is ParcPlace's (formerly Solbourne's) Object
Interface.

[Thanks to Douglas S. Rand ([e-mail]) and George Wu ([e-mail]);2/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  98)  Where can I obtain alternate language bindings to X/Xt/Motif?

    Versions of the CLX Lisp bindings are part of the X11 core source
distributions. A version of CLX is on the R5 tape [10/91]; version 5.0.2 [9/92]
is on ftp.x.org in /contrib/CLX.R5.02.tar.Z.

    The SAIC Ada-X11 bindings are through anonymous ftp in /pub from
stars.rosslyn.unisys.com (128.126.164.2) [perhaps
falcon.stars.ballston.paramax.com (129.204.6.253)?]
    There is an X/Ada study team sponsored by NASA JSC, which apparently is
working out bindings. Information: [e-mail].
    GNU SmallTalk has a beta native SmallTalk binding to X called STIX (by
[e-mail]). It is still in its beginning stages, and
documentation is sparse outside the SmallTalk code itself. The sources are
available as /pub/gnu/smalltalk-1.1.1.tar.Z on prep.ai.mit.edu (18.71.0.38) or
ugle.unit.no (129.241.1.97).
    Prolog bindings (called "XWIP") written by Ted Kim at UCLA while
supported in part by DARPA are available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.x.org:contrib/xwip.tar.Z or ftp.cs.ucla.edu:pub/xwip.tar.Z.
These prolog language bindings depend on having a Quintus-type foreign function
interface in your prolog. The developer has gotten it to work with Quintus and
SICStus prolog. Inquiries should go to [e-mail]. [3/90]
    Scheme bindings to Xlib, OSF/Motif, and Xaw are part of the Elk
distribution; version 1.5a on ftp.x.org obsoletes the version on the R5 contrib
tape.
    TCL bindings to Motif 1.[12] by Jan Newmarch
([e-mail]) are on csc.canberra.edu.au and ftp.x.org.
Version 0.8 became available 11/93.
    x-scm, a bolt-on accessory for Aubrey Jaffer's "scm" Scheme interpreter
that provides an interface to Xlib, Motif, and OpenLook, is now available via
FTP from altdorf.ai.mit.edu:archive/scm/xscm1.05.tar.Z and
nexus.yorku.ca:pub/scheme/new/xscm1.05.tar.Z.

    Poplog V14.2 is offered by Integral Solutions Ltd. (Phone +44 (0)256
882028; Fax [phone]; Email [e-mail]); it is an integrated
programming environment consisting of the programming languages Pop-11,
Prolog, Standard ML, and Lisp which are compiled to machine code via a common
virtual machine. Pop-11 provides an interface to the X Toolkit which can be
accessed from all other Poplog languages. The OLIT, Motif, and Athena widget
sets are supported, in addition to the custom Poplog (Xpw) widget set.
High-level Pop-11 libraries allow graph drawing, turtle graphics, and the
simple creation of basic button/menu based interfaces.

    Ada bindings to Motif, explicitly, will eventually be made available by
the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, probably through the normal electronic
means.  Advance information can be obtained from [e-mail],
who may respond as time permits.
    AdaMotif is a complete binding to X and Motif for the Ada language, for
many common systems; it is based in part upon the SAIC/Unisys bindings and also
includes a UIL to Ada translator. Info: Systems Engineering Research
Corporation, 1-800-Ada-SERC (well![e-mail]).

    Also: the MIT Consortium, although not involved in producing Ada
bindings for X, maintains a partial listing of people involved in X and Ada;
information is available from Donna Converse, [e-mail].

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject:  99)  TOPIC: BUILDING THE X DISTRIBUTION [topic needs updating to R5]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 100)  What's a good source of information on configuring the X build?

    This FAQ includes information on a number of "gotchas" that can bite
you on particular system. However, the best source of general information on
building the X11 release is found in the Release Notes. The file is bundled
separately from the rest of the release, so if it's become separated from your
sources you can FTP another copy separately: the file RELNOTES.[ms,PS,TXT] at
the top of the distribution. The file RELNOTES is also available from the
xstuff mail server.
    In addition, O'Reilly & Associates's Volume 8 on X Administration
includes information on configuring and building X.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 101)  Why doesn't my Sun with a cg6 work with R5?

    Apparently gcc is the problem; it seems to produce fine code for all
Sun displays except for the cgsix. The new sunGX.o distributed with fix-07
may fix the problem (note: not known to work on Solaris).

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 102)  Why doesn't my Sun with SunOS 4.1 know about _dlsym, etc.?

    If you get errors with _dlsym _dlopen _dlclose undefined, link with
libdl.a.  Add "-ldl" to your and eventually to your site.def.  You may want to
surround it with "-Bstatic -ldl -Bdynamic" if you add it to the EXTRA_LIBRARIES
variable, since "syslibs" get added after EXTRA_LIBRARIES on the eventual
compilation command; otherwise you may not have a shared libdl.  (Or compile
the stubs shared.)

[thanks to Joe Backo ([e-mail]), 12/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 103)  What is this "_get_wmShellWidgetClass undefined" error?

    In SunOS 4.1.2 Sun fixed a shared-library bug in ld which conflicts
with the way X builds the shared Xmu library, causing these symbols, notably,
to be undefined when building some X11 clients on SunOS 4.1.[23]:
    _get_wmShellWidgetClass
    _get_applicationShellWidgetClass
Compiling "-Bstatic -lXmu -Bdynamic" is overkill; be sure to set
OSTeenyVersion correctly in the config/sun.cf file and rebuild X11R5.

To solve the problem if you are using OpenWindows 3.0 (X11R4-based Xt), please
contact your local Sun office and request the following patches:

Patch i.d.      Description
100512-02       4.1.x OpenWindows 3.0 libXt Jumbo patch
100573-03       4.1.x OpenWindows 3.0 undefined symbols when using
                        shared libXmu

[Greg Earle, [e-mail]; 7/92]

A source patch for use with the X11R4 libraries was developed by Conrad
Kimball ([e-mail]); it retrofits into R4 some fixes made in R5 to
get around this problem. The patch is on ftp.x.org in [1/93]
    contrib/X11R4_sunos4.1.2_patch_version3.Z

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 104)  What's this problem with undefined _X symbols on SunOS 4.1.3?

        Make sure to set the OSTeenyVersion in the mit/config/sun.cf file
if you see that vast numbers of Xlib functions are undefined:

  >cc -o bmtoa bmtoa.o -O -pipe  -L../.././lib/Xmu -lXmu -L/work1/X11R5/lib
  >ld: Undefined symbol
  >   _XGetVisualInfo
  >   _XFree
    ...

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 105)  Why does cc get used when I build X11R5 with gcc?

    When X11R5 was written gcc (version 1.X) did not support shared
libraries. Those parts requiring shared libraries are compiled with cc, those
that don't are compiled with gcc.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 106)  Why can't gcc 1.x compile X11R4 on my SPARC?
I used gcc to compile the whole distribution, but I get several segmentation
faults when running X.

    Note first that gcc on RISC machines does not necessarily result in
any performance increase; it certainly is not as noticeable as it is on the
680x0 or VAX platforms.

    Here is the problem: gcc and cc use incompatible methods of passing
structures as arguments and returning them as function values, so when
gcc-compiled parts of X are linked with Sun-supplied functions that pass or
return structs, run-time errors occur.  Affected programs include rgb and
the server.

    This is from the GCC manual:

    On the Sparc, GNU CC uses an incompatible calling convention for
    structures.  It passes them by including their contents in the argument
    list, whereas the standard compiler passes them effectively by
    reference.

    This really ought to be fixed, but such calling conventions are not yet
    supported in GNU CC, so it isn't straightforward to fix it.

    The convention for structure returning is also incompatible, and
    `-fpcc-struct-return' does not help.

You can duck the problem either by using cc throughout or by using it for just
the routines which cause incompatibilities; the problem cannot be solved with
compilation flags.

    Files which need to be compiled using cc include:
        server/os/4.2bsd/oscolor.c
        rgb/rgb.c

    In addition, several of the "inet_" functions use structs as args or
return values:
        clients/xhost/xhost.c
        clients/xauth/gethost.c.
Calls to inet_addr in /lib/CLX/socket.c and lib/X/XConnDis.c are possibly
harmless as they don't involve structs.

[collected by [e-mail] (Don Bashford); 8/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 107)  What are these I/O errors running X built with gcc?
When I try to run xinit or the Xsun server I get the error
    "Getting interface configuration: Operation not supported on socket.
    Fatal server bug! no screens found."

    Running the gcc fixincludes script apparently didn't work. You can do
this simple test:

    #include <sys/ioctl.h>
    SIOCGIFCONF

Run that through cc -E and gcc -E.  The last line of output is the piece of
interest; it should be identical (modulo irrelevant differences like
whitespace).  If the gcc version has 'x' where the cc version has 'i', your
fixincludes run didn't work for some reason or other; go back to your gcc
sources and run `fixincludes`; then rebuild the X distribution. If they are
identical, try running a make clean in mit/server and rebuilding, just to make
sure everything gets compiled with the proper include files.

[courtesy der Mouse, [e-mail]; 9/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 108)  What are these problems compiling X11R4 on the older Sun3?
In mit/server/ddx/sun/sunCG3C.c, we have found "missing" defines for
CG3AC_MONOLEN, CG3BC_MONOLEN, CG3AC_ENBLEN, CG3BC_ENBLEN. What should these be?

    The R4 Errata list distributed after X11R4 mentions that you can add
these lines to the file on older SunOS versions (e.g. 3.5) to compile:
        #define CG3AC_MONOLEN (128*1024)
        #define CG3AC_ENBLEN  CG3AC_MONOLEN
        #define CG3BC_MONOLEN CG3AC_MONOLEN
        #define CG3BC_ENBLEN  CG3AC_MONOLEN

    However, the Sun3 should not actually ever have the CG3 device, and so
references to it can be removed from mit/server/ddx/sun/sunInit.c and the
Imakefile.  [11/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 109)  What are these problems compiling the X server on SunOS 4.1.1?
The file <sundev/cg6reg.h> isn't being found.

    Sun omitted <sundev/cg6reg.h> from SunOS 4.1.1. Remove the #include
from sunCG6C.c and replace it with the line
    #define CG6_VADDR_COLOR   0x70016000
The file has changed from earlier versions of SunOS and should not be copied
from another distribution.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 110)  What are these problems using R4 shared libraries on SunOS 4?
All of the executables that I try to run have the following results:
    ld.so: libXmu.so.4: not found
or even:
    ld.so: call to undefined procedure __GetHostname from 0xf776a96c

    If you are building with shared libraries on a Sun, remember that you
need to run "ldconfig" as root after installing the shared libraries (if you've
installed X on a file-server, run it on the server's clients, too).  While
building and installing the distribution, you need to be careful to avoid
linking against any existing X shared libraries you might have (e.g. those
distributed with OpenWindows).  You should make sure you do not have
LD_LIBRARY_PATH set in your environment during the build or the installation.
If you are going to keep xterm and xload as setuid programs, please note that
the shared libraries must be installed in /usr/lib, /usr/local/lib, or
/usr/5lib for these programs to work (or else those programs must be linked
statically). [courtesy X Consortium]
    Note also that the program mkfontdir is run as part of the build; it
attempts, however, to use the shared libraries before they have been installed.
You can avoid the errors by building mkfontdir statically (pass -Bstatic to
most C compilers).

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 111)  Can OLIT programs run with R5 Xt? (_XtQString undefined)

This is a bug in the OLIT.  _XtQString was an external symbol that existed in
X11R4 (upon which OW 3.0's libXt is based).  It wasn't documented and was
removed in X11R5 (MIT's guarantee of upward compatibility between the R4 and R5
libraries only applied to the documented interface).

A workaround is to temporarily set your LD_LIBRARY_PATH to point to the X11R4
or OpenWindows Xt library that you linked the program against.

[10/92; from Barry Margolin ([e-mail]); 3/93 from Jeff Francis
([e-mail])]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 112)  How do I get around the SunOS 4.1 security hole?

    There is a security problem with certain R4 clients (xterm and xload)
running under SunOS 4.1 that have been installed setuid root and are using
shared libraries; to avoid the problem, do one of these:
    1) make the program non-setuid. You should consult your system
administrator concerning protection of resources (e.g. ptys and /dev/kmem) used
by these programs, to make sure that you do not create additional security
problems at your site.
    2) relink the programs statically (using -Bstatic).
    3) install the libraries before linking and link with absolute paths
to the libraries.

[from [e-mail] (Bob Scheifler), 12/90]

The R5 version of xterm does this automatically by rebuilding xterm against the
newly-installed libraries when xterm is being installed; this prevents an suid
program from being built with libraries specified relatively. Note that this
may cause an inconvenience when doing the installation from NFS-mounted disks.
Xload has been rewritten to avoid the problem.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 113)  How do I get around the frame-buffer security hole?

    On many systems the frame-buffer is unsecured by default; this permits
anyone who can log into your workstation to peek at your windowing session by
accessing the frame-buffer directly, or, as less of a privacy issue but perhaps
more annoying, to [accidentally] start up a second X session on your console
display. Check the man page for fbtab(5).

[Thanks to Art Mulder ([e-mail]); 2/93.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 114)  TOPIC: BUILDING X PROGRAMS
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 115)  What is Imake?

    Imake is not a replacement for the make program; instead, it is a
makefile-generator that takes advantages of the include-file and macro-
processing capabilities of the C preprocessor cpp to generate makefiles
suitable for building software on a particular system. Although it is not
specific to X, the X release uses it to help solve a number of the
configuration issues that arise in making such a large system widely portable.
    Imake has a fairly steep learning curve, in part because the process by
which the system-specific configuration files, system-independent configuration
files, and individual Imakefiles are melded to produce a Makefile is not
obvious.
    There have been several different versions of imake; the R3, R4, and
R5 versions are different.

    You can obtain information on imake from these sources:
    - the R4 and R5 release notes and imake man page include information on
using Imake to build X
    - the R4 and R5 file mit/config/README also contains useful information
    - on the R4 tapes, contrib/doc/imake/imake.tex is Mark Moraes' R3/R4
guide to imake.
    - the R5 mit/doc/config/usenixws/paper.ms contains a paper by Jim
Fulton on an early version of Imake
    - Paul DuBois ([e-mail]) has written a useful
explanation of how Imake works and how to use it in configuring X for non-
supported systems; the document is available from ftp.primate.wisc.edu
in the directory ~ftp/pub/imake-stuff; look for config-X11R4.ms (troff) and
config-X11R4.ps (PostScript). Some supplemental appendices are nearby.
[7/91: document version is now 1.06] These imake papers are available by email;
mail a message body of "send imake-stuff help" to [e-mail].
They are also available by gopher to gopher.primate.wisc.edu under "Primate
Center Software Archives".
    - see "System Administration - Imake: Friend or Foe?" by Dinah McNutt
in the November 1991 issue of SunExpert.
    - German readers should expect in June 1992 an article "Das Meta-Make
/ I make, you make / Schwerelos" by Rainer Klute in "iX
Multiuser-Multitasking-Magazin", directed at application programmers needing to
write Imakefiles. An English-language derivative of this article is in The
X Journal, issue 2:1.
    - The O'Reilly X Resource issue #2 contains Paul Davey's article on
demystifying Imake.
    - Alain Brossard's working document full of tips on Imake is in
sasun1.epfl.ch:pub/imakefile.1.Z.
    - O'Reilly has published (7/93) "Software Portability with imake" by
Paul DuBois; ISBN 1-56592-055-4. The books electronic counterparts are on
ftp.primate.wisc.edu in pub/imake-book; imake.tar.Z is a stand-alone imake
installation.

[1/91;12/91;5/92;8/92;7/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 116)  Where can I get imake?

    Versions are distributed with the R4 and R5 releases. An earlier
version is distributed with the X11R3 release; some third-party toolkits
redistribute versions of imake along with their own implementations of the
template and configuration files. There are no real standards for such
configuration files, although most *current* contributed software expects the
templates distributed with X11R5.
    ftp.x.org contains the R5 distribution unpacked, so you can pick up
imake without picking up the entire distribution.
    A stand-alone version of Imake, but one stemming from X11R5, is in
ftp.germany.eu.net:pub/X11/misc/imake/imake-pure.tar.Z (192.76.144.75).
    A stand-alone version of Imake, but one stemming from X11R5, is in
ftp.primate.wisc.edu:pub/imake-book/imake.tar.Z.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 117)  I have a program with an Imakefile but no Makefile. What to do?

    If you have R4 or R5 installed on your system, run "xmkmf". This is a
script which runs imake for you with the correct arguments. The output is a
Makefile configured for your system and based on the Imakefile. Then run make,
which will use that new Makefile to compile the program.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 118)  Why can't I link to the Xlib shape routines?
When I try to compile certain programs, I get the following link error:
    Undefined:
    _XShapeQueryExtension
    _XShapeCombineMask

    These routines are actually part of the Shape Extension to X (SHAPE)
which was introduced in the X11R4 distribution and allows non-rectangular
windows.  Like the other sample server extensions, the shape extension will
only run on a server which supports it.  Pre-X11R4 servers, as well as many
vendor-supplied servers, do not support the shape extension, in which case
they will display rectangular windows anyway.

    In order to use the shape extension, you must link to the library
libXext.a.  In the X11R4 distribution, this library and the associated includes
will be in the mit/extensions directory.  If you do not have these files, do
not despair:  many freeware programs which use the shape extension can also be
compiled without it by removing the -DSHAPE define from the Makefile; you can
probably do this and compile successfully against your older vendor-supplied X
libraries.

[from John B. Melby, [e-mail], 3/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 119)  What are these problems with "_XtInherit not found" on the Sun?
When I link a X program that I wrote on a SunOS 4.0.3 or 4.1 machine I get the
error "ld.so: symbol not found _XtInherit".

    What you are seeing is a side-effect of a kludge in the R4 libXt.a to
get Sun shared libraries working.  Apparently, you can't share a function that
is both called and compared, as _XtInherit is. This was handled by putting
_XtInherit in the same file as a function that is always used, thereby
guaranteeing that it would be loaded -- that is, in Initialize.c, where
XtToolkitInitialize() and XtInitialize() reside. These routines would normally
be called.

    You are probably seeing this error because your program is not a normal
Xt-based program and does not call XtToolkitInitialize() anywhere.
    1) it may be a program that uses Xt functions but never opens a
connection to the X server.  [OSF/Motif's 1.1.0 UIL had this problem; it called
XtMalloc() and other Xt functions.] The solution is to add the call to your
program; the function does not have to be executed, just linked in.
    2) alternatively, your program doesn't need any Xt functions and is
correct in not calling XtToolkitInitialize() -- it may be an Xlib or XView
program. In this case, you can remove -lXt from your link command.

    It should not be necessary to link the shared libraries statically,
although this will certainly solve the problem.

[from Jordan Hayes (now [e-mail]) and Danny Backx ([e-mail]);
11/90]

You may also see this error compiling X11R5 programs on a SunOS 4.1.3 machine;
be sure to set OSTeenyVersion to 3 in the config/sun.cf file.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 120)  TOPIC: PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS AND PUZZLES
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 121)  Why doesn't my program get the keystrokes I select for (sic)?

    The window manager controls how the input focus is transferred from one
window to another.  In order to get keystrokes, your program must ask the
window manager for the input focus.  To do this, you must set up what are
called "hints" for the window manager.  If your applications is Xlib-based, you
can use something like the following:

        XWMHints wmhints;
        ...
        wmhints.flags = InputHint;
        wmhints.input = True;
        XSetWMHints(dpy, window, &wmhints)

If your application is based on the Xt Intrinsics, you can set the XtNinput
resource to be True (as you probably want to in any case); if you don't have
source, you can start up the application with the resource '*input:True'.

Certain window managers, notably dxwm and olwm, are very picky about having
this done.

    If you are using Sun's OpenWindows olwm, you can also add this resource
to your defaults file to use clients that aren't ICCCM-compliant.
    OpenWindows.FocusLenience:       true

[mostly courtesy Dave Lemke of NCD and Stuart Marks of Sun]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 122)  How do I deiconify a window?

To de-iconify a window, map it with XMapWindow().  To iconify a window, use
XIconifyWindow().

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 123)  How do I figure out what window manager is running?

    You can't reliably tell; whatever mechanism you could use could be
spoofed in any case.
    For most cases, you shouldn't care which window manager is running, so
long as you do things in an ICCCM-conformant manner. There are some cases in
which particular window managers are known to do things wrong; checking for
particular hints placed on the window by the window manager so that you can
sidestep the problem may be appropriate in these cases. Alternatively, it may
be appropriate to determine which window manager is running in order to take
advantage of specific *added* features (such as olwm's push-pin menus) in order
to give your program *added* functionality. Beware of usurping the window
manager's functions by providing that functionality even when it is missing;
this surely leads to future compatibility problems.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 124)  Is there a skeleton X program available?

    There is no general framework such as the TransSkel program for the
Macintosh which handles lots of the odds and ends and overhead of development
under a window system and which can be used as a platform for additional
development. In X, the problem is typically solved by using an interactive
application builder tool or by using cut&paste on existing X applications. Good
applications which you might look to manipulate when you want to "test just
this one little thing" include contrib/clients/xskel, a simple R4 program that
puts up a window and allows sketching in it and offers a starting point for
quick hacks, the Xaw examples in the examples/ directory in the R3 and R4
distributions, and the Xlib "Hello World" example in the R3 doc/HelloWorld and
R4 doc/tutorials/HelloWorld; an updated version of this program which uses R4
Xlib calls and current ICCCM conventions was posted in 2/90 to comp.windows.x
by Glenn Widener of Tektronix.     [3/90]

    In addition, a sample Xt program (for Xaw or Xm) by Rainer Klute
showing how to open multiple displays and how to catch a broken display
connection is available on ftp.x.org in contrib/mdisp.tar.Z. [4/92]
    A sample multi-display Xt/Xaw program by Oliver Jones is on ftp.x.org
in contrib/MultiUserVote.tar.Z. (See also his article in The X Resource, Issue
3, "Multi-User Application Software Using Xt".)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 125)  Why does XtGetValues not work for me (sic)?

    The XtGetValues interface for retrieving resources from a widget is
sensitive to the type of variable. Your code may be doing something like this:
    {
    Arg args[3];
    int i;
    int sensitive;        /* oops; wrong data type */
    i=0;
    XtSetArg (args[i], XtNsensitive, &sensitive); i++;
    XtGetValues(widget, args, i );
    ...
    }

But XtNsensitive is a Boolean, which on most machines is a single byte;
declaring the variable "sensitive" as Boolean works properly. This problem
comes up often when using particular toolkits that redefine the Xt types
Dimension and Position; code that assumes they are int will have similar
problems if those types are actually short. In general: you are safe if you
use the actual type of the resource, as it appears in the widget's man page.
[11/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 126)  Why don't XtConfigureWidget/XtResizeWidget/XtMoveWidget work?

    You're probably trying to use these functions from application code.
They should be used only internally to widgets; these functions are for a
parent Composite widget to change the geometry of its children.  An
application which calls XtMoveWidget, for example, effectively defeats
geometry negotiation and the Composite parent's internal state (if any) will
no longer be correct. (The Xt specification goes into more detail.)
    The only way for your application to request a geometry change for a
widget is to issue an XtSetValues call setting some of the geometry
resources.  Although this call will result in the widget-internal functions'
being called, your application code must use the standard XtSetValues
interface or risk the widgets' data becoming corrupted.
    Note that functions defined in <X11/IntrinsicP.h>, as these are, are
typically reserved for use by widgets.
    Other promising functions, XtMakeGeometryRequest() and
XtMakeResizeRequest(), are also for use only by widgets, in this case by a
child to request a change from its parent.
    The Xlib calls XMoveWindow() and XResizeWindow() should similarly be
avoided; they shouldn't be used to change XtNx, XtNy, XtNwidth, or XtNheight.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 127)  Why isn't there an XtReparentWidget call like XReparentWindow?

    Although there are various details of the current implementation of
the Xt internals which make reparenting difficult, the major reason that no
such call exists is that it remains undefined what the set of resources for
the "new" widget should be. Resources are typically set based on the location
in the instance hierarchy; what resources should change if the instance moves?
What should happen to the widget's children? And by the time such semantics are
defined, there would probably be little advantage over destroying the old
widget and creating a new widget in the correct location with the desired
resources, as setting the resources correctly is the majority of work in
creating a new widget.

    Note that reparenting is possible in the OI toolkit.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 128)  I'm writing a widget and can't use a float as a resource value.

Float resources are not portable; the size of the value may be larger than
the size of an XtPointer. Try using a pointer to a float instead; the Xaw
Scrollbar float resources are handled in this way.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 129)  Is this a memory leak in the X11R4 XtDestroyWidget()?!

Yes. This is the "unofficial" fix-19 for the X11R4 Destroy.c:

*** Destroy.c.1.37    Thu Jul 11 15:41:25 1991
--- lib/Xt/Destroy.c    Thu Jul 11 15:42:23 1991
***************
*** 1,4 ****
--- 1,5 ----
  /* $XConsortium: Destroy.c,v 1.37 90/09/28 10:21:32 swick Exp $ */
+ /* Plus unofficial patches in revisions 1.40 and 1.41 */

  /***********************************************************
  Copyright 1987, 1988 by Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts,
***************
*** 221,239 ****
       */

      int i = 0;
!     DestroyRec* dr = app->destroy_list;
      while (i < app->destroy_count) {
      if (dr->dispatch_level >= dispatch_level)  {
          Widget w = dr->widget;
          if (--app->destroy_count)
          bcopy( (char*)(dr+1), (char*)dr,
!                app->destroy_count*sizeof(DestroyRec)
                );
          XtPhase2Destroy(w);
      }
      else {
          i++;
-         dr++;
      }
      }
  }
--- 222,245 ----
       */

      int i = 0;
!     DestroyRec* dr;
      while (i < app->destroy_count) {
+
+     /* XtPhase2Destroy can result in calls to XtDestroyWidget,
+      * and these could cause app->destroy_list to be reallocated.
+      */
+
+     dr = app->destroy_list + i;
      if (dr->dispatch_level >= dispatch_level)  {
          Widget w = dr->widget;
          if (--app->destroy_count)
          bcopy( (char*)(dr+1), (char*)dr,
!                (app->destroy_count - i) * sizeof(DestroyRec)
                );
          XtPhase2Destroy(w);
      }
      else {
          i++;
      }
      }
  }

[from Donna Converse, [e-mail]]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 130)  Is this a memory leak in the X11R4 deletion of work procs?!

Apparently the X11R4 NextEvent.c`CallWorkProc fails to properly replace
the work proc record back on the free list correctly.

        if (delete) {
            w->next = freeWorkRecs;
            freeWorkRecs = w->next;    /* should be  =w; */
        }

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 131)  Why does the process size of my X programs go up,up,up?

Using "ps" may not show any decrease in memory size after a malloc/free pair.
With most vendors' implementations of memory managers, the call to free does
not return memory to the operating system; it is probably maintained on a free
list for the process. In addition, ps may not be an accurate report of current
memory usage requirements.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 132)  Are callbacks guaranteed to be called in the order registered?

    Although some books demonstrate that the current implementation of Xt
happens to call callback procedures in the order in which they are registered,
the specification does not guarantee such a sequence, and supplemental
authoritative documents (i.e. the Asente/Swick volume) do say that the order is
undefined.  Because the callback list can be manipulated by both the widget and
the application, Xt cannot guarantee the order of execution.
    In general, the callback procedures should be thought of as operating
independently of one another and should not depend on side-effects of other
callbacks operating; if a seqence is needed, then the single callback to be
registered can explicitly call other functions necessary.

[4/92; thanks to [e-mail]]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 133)  Why doesn't XtDestroyWidget() actually destroy the widget?

    XtDestroyWidget() operates in two passes, in order to avoid leaving
dangling data structures; the function-call marks the widget, which is not
actually destroyed until your program returns to its event-loop.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 134)  How do I query the user synchronously using Xt?

    It is possible to have code which looks like this trivial callback,
which has a clear flow of control. The calls to AskUser() block until answer
is set to one of the valid values. If it is not a "yes" answer, the code drops
out of the callback and back to an event-processing loop:

    void quit(Widget w, XtPointer client, XtPointer call)
    {
        int             answer;
        answer = AskUser(w, "Really Quit?");
        if (RET_YES == answer)
            {
            answer = AskUser(w, "Are You Really Positive?");
            if (RET_YES == answer)
                exit(0);
                }
    }

    A more realistic example might ask whether to create a file or whether
to overwrite it.
    This is accomplished by entering a second event-processing loop and
waiting until the user answers the question; the answer is returned to the
calling function. That function AskUser() looks something like this, where the
Motif can be replaced with widget-set-specific code to create some sort of
dialog-box displaying the question string and buttons for "OK", "Cancel" and
"Help" or equivalents:

  int AskUser(w, string)
        Widget          w;
        char           *string;
  {
        int             answer=RET_NONE;    /* some not-used marker */
        Widget          dialog;            /* could cache&carry, but ...*/
        Arg             args[3];
        int             n = 0;
        XtAppContext    context;

        n=0;
        XtSetArg(args[n], XmNmessageString, XmStringCreateLtoR(string,
                XmSTRING_DEFAULT_CHARSET)); n++;
        XtSetArg(args[n], XmNdialogStyle, XmDIALOG_APPLICATION_MODAL); n++;
        dialog = XmCreateQuestionDialog(XtParent(w), string, args, n);
        XtAddCallback(dialog, XmNokCallback, response, &answer);
        XtAddCallback(dialog, XmNcancelCallback, response, &answer);
        XtAddCallback(dialog, XmNhelpCallback, response, &answer);
        XtManageChild(dialog);

        context = XtWidgetToApplicationContext (w);
        while (answer == RET_NONE || XtAppPending(context)) {
                XtAppProcessEvent (context, XtIMAll);
        }
        XtDestroyWidget(dialog);  /* blow away the dialog box and shell */
        return answer;
  }

    The dialog supports three buttons, which are set to call the same
function when tickled by the user.  The variable answer is set when the user
finally selects one of those choices:

  void response(w, client, call)
        Widget          w;
        XtPointer client;
        XtPointer call;
  {
  int *answer = (int *) client;
  XmAnyCallbackStruct *reason = (XmAnyCallbackStruct *) call;
        switch (reason->reason) {
        case XmCR_OK:
                *answer = RET_YES;    /* some #define value */
                break;
        case XmCR_CANCEL:
                *answer = RET_NO;
        break;
        case XmCR_HELP:
                *answer = RET_HELP;
                break;
        default:
                return;
        }
}

and the code unwraps back to the point at which an answer was needed and
continues from there.

[Thanks to Dan Heller ([e-mail]); note that the code in his book caches
the dialog but neglects to make sure that the callbacks point to the
current automatic "answer".]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 135)  How do I determine the name of an existing widget?
I have a widget ID and need to know what the name of that widget is.

    Users of R4 and later are best off using the XtName() function, which
will work on both widgets and non-widget objects.

    If you are still using R3, you can use this simple bit of code to do
what you want. Note that it depends on the widget's internal data structures
and is not necessarily portable to future versions of Xt, including R4.

    #include <X11/CoreP.h>
    #include <X11/Xresource.h>
    String XtName (widget)
    Widget widget;    /* WILL work with non-widget objects */
    {
    return XrmNameToString(widget->core.xrm_name);
    }

[7/90; modified with suggestion by Larry Rogers ([e-mail]) 9/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 136)  Why do I get a BadDrawable error drawing to XtWindow(widget)?
I'm doing this in order to get a window into which I can do Xlib graphics
within my Xt-based program:

> canvas = XtCreateManagedWidget ( ...,widgetClass,...) /* drawing area */
> ...
> window = XtWindow(canvas);    /* get the window associated with the widget */
> ...
> XDrawLine (...,window,...);    /* produces error */

    The window associated with the widget is created as a part of the
realization of the widget.  Using a window id of None ("no window") could
create the error that you describe.  It is necessary to call XtRealizeWidget()
before attempting to use the window associated with a widget.
    Note that the window will be created after the XtRealizeWidget() call,
but that the server may not have actually mapped it yet, so you should also
wait for an Expose event on the window before drawing into it.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 137)  Where can I get documentation on Xaw, the Athena widget set?

    Check ftp.x.org in /pub/R5untarred/mit/hardcopy for the originals
of documentation distributed with X11R5.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 138)  What's the difference between actions and callbacks?

Actions and callbacks may be closely tied; the user may click a mouse-button
in an object's window, causing an action procedure in that particular object
to be called. As part of its processing of the event, the action procedure
may inform the application via a callback registered on the object. However,
callbacks can be given for any reason, including some that don't arise as a
result of user action; and many actions don't result in any notification to
the application.

Callbacks generally are a means of interaction between the user interface
(UI) and some other piece of code interested in the "results"; the interested
party to which the data is communicated is usually the application's back-end
functions but may be another widget in a related part of the UI.  For
example, a text widget invokes a callback to say "the user just entered this
text string; never mind what I had to do to get it or what X events took
place."

In object-oriented programming terminology, callback lists are messages
defined by the widget class by which the widget istance notifies another
entity that something significant has happened to the widget.

Actions, however, constitute a widget's repertoire of internal i/o
behaviors.  Actions are not about results; actions are about "how", not
"what" gets done. The text widget may define a dozen or two actions which
define how the user can manipulate the text; the procedures for removing a
line of text or switching two words can be associated with particular X event
sequences (and in fact often rely on particular types of events).

Actions are (in OOP terminology) methods of the widget class by which the
widget responds to some external stimulus (one or more X events).

To avoid confusing yourself on the issue of actions vs. callbacks, try
thinking of actions defined by an application as methods *of the application*
-- applications may define actions, as well -- by which the application
responds to one or more X events (and happens to be handed an object handle
as part of the method argument list). Similarly, callback handlers registered
by an application with a widget can be thought of as methods of the
application which respond to messages from a widget or widgets.

[Thanks to Michael Johnson ([e-mail]) and to Kerry Kimbrough]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 139)  How do I simulate a button press/release event for a widget?

    You can do this using XSendEvent(); it's likely that you're not setting
the window field in the event, which Xt needs in order to match to the widget
which should receive the event.
     If you're sending events to your own application, then you can use
XtDispatchEvent() instead. This is more efficient than XSendEvent() in that you
avoid a round-trip to the server.
    Depending on how well the widget was written, you may be able to call
its action procedures in order to get the effects you want.

[courtesy Mark A. Horstman ([e-mail]), 11/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 140)  Can I make Xt or Xlib calls from a signal handler?

    No. Xlib and Xt have no mutual exclusion for protecting critical
sections. If your signal handler makes such a call at the wrong time (which
might be while the function you are calling is already executing), it can leave
the library in an inconsistent state. Note that the ANSI C standard points
out that behavior of a signal handler is undefined if the signal handler calls
any function other than signal() itself, so this is not a problem specific to
Xlib and Xt; the POSIX specification mentions other functions which may be
called safely but it may not be assumed that these functions are called by
Xlib or Xt functions.
    You can work around the problem by setting a flag in the interrupt
handler and later checking it with a work procedure or a timer event which
has previously been added.
    R6 Xt will have support for signal handlers; there will be a
mechanism to set a flag in a signal handler and XtAppNextEvent will notice
that the flag has been set, and call the associated callbacks.

    Note: the article in The X Journal 1:4 and the example in O'Reilly
Volume 6 are in error.

[Thanks to Pete Ware ([e-mail]) and Donna Converse
([e-mail]), 5/92]

An alternate solution is to create a pipe and add the read side of the pipe
as an input event with XtAppAddInput; then write a byte to the write side of
the pipe with your signal handler (write is re-entrant). The callback for the
read side of the pipe reads the byte and does the actual processing that you
intended. You may want the byte to be the signal number unless your callback
handles only one kind.

[Thanks to Steve Kappel ([e-mail])]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 141)  What are these "Xlib sequence lost" errors?

    You may see these errors if you issue Xlib requests from an Xlib error
handler, or, more likely, if you make calls which generate X requests to Xt or
Xlib from a signal handler, which you shouldn't be doing in any case.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 142)  How can my Xt program handle socket, pipe, or file input?

    It's very common to need to write an Xt program that can accept input
both from a user via the X connection and from some other file descriptor, but
which operates efficiently and without blocking on either the X connection or
the other file descriptor.
    A solution is use XtAppAddInput(). After you open your file descriptor,
use XtAppAddInput() to register an input handler. The input handler will be
called every time there is something on the file descriptor requiring your
program's attention. Write the input handler like you would any other Xt
callback, so it does its work quickly and returns.  It is important to use only
non-blocking I/O system calls in your input handlers.
    Most input handlers read the file descriptor, although you can have an
input handler write or handle exception conditions if you wish.
    Be careful when you register an input handler to read from a disk file.
You will find that the function is called even when there isn't input pending.
XtAppAddInput() is actually working as it is supposed to. The input handler is
called whenever the file descriptor is READY to be read, not only when there is
new data to be read. A disk file (unlike a pipe or socket) is almost always
ready to be read, however, if only because you can spin back to the beginning
and read data you've read before.  The result is that your function will almost
always be called every time around XtAppMainLoop(). There is a way to get the
type of interaction you are expecting; add this line to the beginning of your
function to test whether there is new data:
         if (ioctl(fd, FIONREAD, &n) == -1 || n == 0) return;
But, because this is called frequently, your application is effectively in a
busy-wait; you may be better off not using XtAppAddInput() and instead setting
a timer and in the timer procedure checking the file for input.

[courtesy Dan Heller ([e-mail]), 8/90; [e-mail] 5/91;
Ollie Jones ([e-mail]) 6/92]

There are two alternatives: the simple one is to use XtAppAddTimeout instead
of XtAppAddInput and check for input occasionally; the more complex solution,
and perhaps the better one, is to popen or fork&exec a child which does
blocking reads on the file, relaying what it has read to your application via
a pipe or a socket. XtAppAddInput will work as expected on pipes and
sockets.

[Thanks to Kaleb Keithley ([e-mail]); 12/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 143)  Why do I get a BadMatch error when calling XGetImage?

The BadMatch error can occur if the specified rectangle goes off the edge of
the screen. If you don't want to catch the error and deal with it, you can take
the following steps to avoid the error:

1) Make a pixmap the same size as the rectangle you want to capture.
2) Clear the pixmap to background using XFillRectangle.
3) Use XCopyArea to copy the window to the pixmap.
4) If you get a NoExpose event, the copy was clean. Use XGetImage to grab the
image from the pixmap.
5) If you get one or more GraphicsExpose events, the copy wasn't clean, and
the x/y/width/height members of the GraphicsExpose event structures tell you
the parts of the pixmap which aren't good.
6) Get rid of the pixmap; it probably takes a lot of memory.

[10/92; thanks to Oliver Jones ([e-mail])]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 144)  How can my application tell if it is being run under X?

    A number of programs offer X modes but otherwise run in a straight
character-only mode. The easiest way for an application to determine that it is
running on an X display is to attempt to open a connection to the X server:

    display = XOpenDisplay(display_name);
    if (display)
        { do X stuff }
    else
        { do curses or something else }
where display_name is either the string specified on the command-line following
-display, by convention, or otherwise is (char*)NULL [in which case
XOpenDisplay uses the value of $DISPLAY, if set].

This is superior to simply checking for the existence a -display command-line
argument or checking for $DISPLAY set in the environment, neither of which is
adequate. [5/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 145)  How do I make a "busy cursor" while my application is computing?
Is it necessary to call XDefineCursor() for every window in my application?

    The easiest thing to do is to create a single InputOnly window that
is as large as the largest possible screen; make it a child of your toplevel
window (which must be realized) and it will be clipped to that window, so it
won't affect any other application. (It needs to be as big as the largest
possible screen in case the user enlarges the window while it is busy or
moves elsewhere within a virtual desktop.) Substitute "toplevel" with your
top-most widget here (similar code should work for Xlib-only applications;
just use your top Window):

     unsigned long valuemask;
     XSetWindowAttributes attributes;

     /* Ignore device events while the busy cursor is displayed. */
     valuemask = CWDontPropagate | CWCursor;
     attributes.do_not_propagate_mask =  (KeyPressMask | KeyReleaseMask |
         ButtonPressMask | ButtonReleaseMask | PointerMotionMask);
     attributes.cursor = XCreateFontCursor(XtDisplay(toplevel), XC_watch);

     /* The window will be as big as the display screen, and clipped by
        its own parent window, so we never have to worry about resizing */
     XCreateWindow(XtDisplay(toplevel), XtWindow(toplevel), 0, 0,
         65535, 65535, (unsigned int) 0, 0, InputOnly,
         CopyFromParent, valuemask, &attributes);

where the maximum size above could be replaced by the real size of the screen,
particularly to avoid servers which have problems with windows larger than
32767.

When you want to use this busy cursor, map and raise this window; to go back to
normal, unmap it. This will automatically keep you from getting extra mouse
events; depending on precisely how the window manager works, it may or may not
have a similar effect on keystrokes as well.

In addition, note also that most of the Xaw widgets support an XtNcursor
resource which can be temporarily reset, should you merely wish to change the
cursor without blocking pointer events.

[thanks to Andrew Wason ([e-mail]), Dan Heller
([e-mail]), and [e-mail]; 11/90,5/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 146)  How do I fork without hanging my parent X program?

    An X-based application which spawns off other Unix processes which
continue to run after it is closed typically does not vanish until all of its
children are terminated; the children inherit from the parent the open X
connection to the display.
    What you need to do is fork; then, immediately, in the child process,
        close (ConnectionNumber(XtDisplay(widget)));
to close the file-descriptor in the display information. After this do your
exec. You will then be able to exit the parent.
    Alternatively, before exec'ing make this call, which causes the file
descriptor to be closed on exec.
        (void) fcntl(ConnectionNumber(XDisplay), F_SETFD, 1);

[Thanks to Janet Anstett ([e-mail]), Gordon Freedman
([e-mail]); 2/91. Greg Holmberg ([e-mail]), 3/93.]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 147)  Why doesn't anything appear when I run this simple program?

> ...
> the_window = XCreateSimpleWindow(the_display,
>      root_window,size_hints.x,size_hints.y,
>      size_hints.width,size_hints.height,BORDER_WIDTH,
>      BlackPixel(the_display,the_screen),
>      WhitePixel(the_display,the_screen));
> ...
> XSelectInput(the_display,the_window,ExposureMask|ButtonPressMask|
>     ButtonReleaseMask);
> XMapWindow(the_display,the_window);
> ...
> XDrawLine(the_display,the_window,the_GC,5,5,100,100);
> ...

    You are right to map the window before drawing into it. However, the
window is not ready to be drawn into until it actually appears on the screen --
until your application receives an Expose event. Drawing done before that will
generally not appear. You'll see code like this in many programs; this code
would appear after window was created and mapped:
  while (!done)
    {
      XNextEvent(the_display,&the_event);
      switch (the_event.type) {
    case Expose:     /* On expose events, redraw */
        XDrawLine(the_display,the_window,the_GC,5,5,100,100);
        break;
    ...
    }
    }

    Note that there is a second problem: some Xlib implementations don't
set up the default graphics context to have correct foreground/background
colors, so this program could previously include this code:
  ...
  the_GC_values.foreground=BlackPixel(the_display,the_screen);    /* e.g. */
  the_GC_values.background=WhitePixel(the_display,the_screen);    /* e.g. */
  the_GC = XCreateGC(the_display,the_window,
                GCForeground|GCBackground,&the_GC_values);
  ...

Note: the code uses BlackPixel and WhitePixel to avoid assuming that 1 is
black and 0 is white or vice-versa.  The relationship between pixels 0 and 1
and the colors black and white is implementation-dependent.  They may be
reversed, or they may not even correspond to black and white at all.

Also note that actually using BlackPixel and WhitePixel is usually the wrong
thing to do in a finished program, as it ignores the user's preference for
foreground and background.

And also note that you can run into the same situation in an Xt-based program
if you draw into the XtWindow(w) right after it has been realized; it may
not yet have appeared.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 148)  What is the difference between a Screen and a screen?

    The 'Screen' is an Xlib structure which includes the information about
one of the monitors or virtual monitors which a single X display supports. A
server can support several independent screens. They are numbered unix:0.0,
unix:0.1, unix:0.2, etc; the 'screen' or 'screen_number' is the second digit --
the 0, 1, 2 which can be thought of as an index into the array of available
Screens on this particular Display connection.
    The macros which you can use to obtain information about the particular
Screen on which your application is running typically have two forms -- one
which takes a Screen and one with takes both the Display and the screen_number.
    In Xt-based programs, you typically use XtScreen(widget) to determine
the Screen on which your application is running, if it uses a single screen.
    (Part of the confusion may arise from the fact that some of the macros
which return characteristics of the Screen have "Display" in the names --
XDisplayWidth, XDisplayHeight, etc.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 149)  Can XGetWindowAttributes get a window's background pixel/pixmap?

    No.  Once set, the background pixel or pixmap of a window cannot be
re-read by clients.  The reason for this is that a client can create a pixmap,
set it to be the background pixmap of a window, and then free the pixmap. The
window keeps this background, but the pixmap itself is destroyed.  If you're
sure a window has a background pixel (not a pixmap), you can use XClearArea()
to clear a region to the background color and then use XGetImage() to read
back that pixel.  However, this action alters the contents of the window, and
it suffers from race conditions with exposures. [courtesy Dave Lemke of NCD
and Stuart Marks of Sun]

    Note that the same applies to the border pixel/pixmap. This is a
(mis)feature of the protocol which allows the server is free to manipulate the
pixel/pixmap however it wants.  By not requiring the server to keep the
original pixel or pixmap, some (potentially a lot of) space can be saved.
[courtesy Jim Fulton, then of X Consortium]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 150)  How do I create a transparent window?

    A completely transparent window is easy to get -- use an InputOnly
window. In order to create a window which is *mostly* transparent, you have
several choices:
    - the SHAPE extension first released with X11R4 offers an easy way to
make non-rectangular windows, so you can set the shape of the window to fit the
areas where the window should be nontransparent; however, not all servers
support the extension.
    - a machine-specific method of implementing transparent windows for
particular servers is to use an overlay plane supported by the hardware.  Note
that there is no X notion of a "transparent color index".
    - a generally portable solution is to use a large number of tiny
windows, but this makes operating on the application as a unit difficult.
    - a final answer is to consider whether you really need a transparent
window or if you would be satisfied with being able to overlay your application
window with information; if so, you can draw into separate bitplanes in colors
that will appear properly.

[thanks to der Mouse, [e-mail], 3/92; see also
The X Journal 1:4 for a more complete answer, including code samples for this
last option]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 151)  Why doesn't GXxor produce mathematically-correct color values?

    When using GXxor you may expect that drawing with a value of black on a
background of black, for example, should produce white. However, the drawing
operation does not work on RGB values but on colormap indices. The color that
the resulting colormap index actually points to is undefined and visually
random unless you have actually filled it in yourself. [On many X servers Black
and White often 0/1 or 1/0; programs taking advantage of this mathematical
coincidence will break.]
    If you want to be combining colors with GXxor, then you should be
allocating a number of your own color cells and filling them with your chosen
pre-computed values.
    If you want to use GXxor simply to switch between two colors, then you
can take the shortcut of setting the background color in the GC (graphics
context) to 0 and the foreground color to a value such that when it draws over
red, say, the result is blue, and when it draws over blue the result is red.
This foreground value is itself the XOR of the colormap indices of red and
blue.

[Thanks to Chris Flatters ([e-mail]) and Ken Whaley
([e-mail]), 2/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 152)  Why does every color I allocate show up as black?

    Make sure you're using 16 bits and not 8.  The red, green, and blue
fields of an XColor structure are scaled so that 0 is nothing and 65535 is
full-blast. If you forget to scale (using, for example, 0-255 for each color)
the XAllocColor function will perform correctly but the resulting color is
usually black.

[Thanks to Paul Asente, [e-mail], 7/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 153)  Why do I get a protocol error when creating a cursor (sic)?

    You may have had this code working on a monochrome system by
coincidence.  Cursor pixmaps must always have a depth of 1; when you create
the cursor pixmap use the depth of 1 rather than the default depth of the
screen.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 154)  Why can't my program get a standard colormap?
I have an image-processing program which uses XGetRGBColormap() to get the
standard colormap, but it doesn't work.

    XGetRGBColormap() when used with the property XA_RGB_DEFAULT_MAP does
not create a standard colormap -- it just returns one if one already exists.
Use xstdcmap or do what it does in order to create the standard colormap first.

[1/91; from der Mouse ([e-mail])]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 155)  Why does the pixmap I copy to the screen show up as garbage?

    The initial contents of pixmaps are undefined.  This means that most
servers will allocate the memory and leave around whatever happens to be there
-- which is usually garbage.  You probably want to clear the pixmap first using
XFillRectangle() with a function of GXcopy and a foreground pixel of whatever
color you want as your background (or 0L if you are using the pixmap as a
mask). [courtesy Dave Lemke of NCD and Stuart Marks of Sun]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 156)  How can I most quickly send an image to the X server?

    The fastest mechanism may be to use an XImage and the shared-memory
extension to reduce the transmission time.
    The MIT-SHM code, documentation, and example client programs can be
found on the X11R5 source tape; many vendors also support the extension.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 157)  How do I check whether a window ID is valid?
My program has the ID of a window on a remote display. I want to check whether
the window exists before doing anything with it.

    Because X is asynchronous, there isn't a guarantee that the window
would still exist between the time that you got the ID and the time you sent an
event to the window or otherwise manipulated it. What you should do is send the
event without checking, but install an error handler to catch any BadWindow
errors, which would indicate that the window no longer exists. This scheme
will work except on the [rare] occasion that the original window has been
destroyed and its ID reallocated to another window.
    You can use this scheme to make a function which checks the validity
of a window; you can make this operation almost synchronous by calling
XSync() after the request, although there is still no guarantee that the
window will exist after the result (unless the sterver is grabbed). On the
whole, catching the error rather than pre-checking is preferable.

[courtesy Ken Lee ([e-mail]), 4/90; 12/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 158)  Can I have two applications draw to the same window?

    Yes. The X server assigns IDs to windows and other resources (actually,
the server assigns some bits, the client others), and any application that
knows the ID can manipulate the resource [almost any X server resource, except
for GCs and private color cells, can be shared].
    The problem you face is how to disseminate the window ID to multiple
applications. A simple way to handle this (and which solves the problem of the
applications' running on different machines) is in the first application to
create a specially-named property on the root-window and put the window ID into
it. The second application then retrieves the property, whose name it also
knows, and then can draw whatever it wants into the window.
    [Note: this scheme works iff there is only one instance of the first
application running, and the scheme is subject to the limitations mentioned
in the Question about using window IDs on remote displays.]
    Note also that you will still need to coordinate any higher-level
cooperation among your applications.
    Note also that two processes can share a window but should not try to
use the same server connection. If one process is a child of the other, it
should close down the connection to the server and open its own connection.
    Note also that Display IDs and GC values describe addresses local
to an application and cannot be transmitted to another application.
    Note also that several clients may draw to a window but for particular
X events such as button-presses only one client can receive the event.

[mostly courtesy Phil Karlton ([e-mail]) 6/90]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 159)  Why can't my program work with tvtwm or swm?

    A number of applications, including xwd, xwininfo, and xsetroot, do not
handle the virtual root window which tvtwm and swm use; they typically return
the wrong child of root. A general solution is to add this code or to use it in
your own application where you would normally use RootWindow(dpy,screen):

/* Function Name: GetVRoot
 * Description: Gets the root window, even if it's a virtual root
 * Arguments: the display and the screen
 * Returns: the root window for the client
 */
#include <X11/Xatom.h>
Window GetVRoot(dpy, scr)
Display        *dpy;
int             scr;
{
Window          rootReturn, parentReturn, *children;
unsigned int    numChildren;
Window          root = RootWindow(dpy, scr);
Atom            __SWM_VROOT = None;
int             i;

  __SWM_VROOT = XInternAtom(dpy, "__SWM_VROOT", False);
  XQueryTree(dpy, root, &rootReturn, &parentReturn, &children, &numChildren);
  for (i = 0; i < numChildren; i++) {
    Atom            actual_type;
    int             actual_format;
    long            nitems, bytesafter;
    Window         *newRoot = NULL;

    if (XGetWindowProperty(dpy, children[i], __SWM_VROOT, 0, 1,
        False, XA_WINDOW, &actual_type, &actual_format, &nitems,
            &bytesafter, (unsigned char **) &newRoot) == Success && newRoot) {
            root = *newRoot;
            break;
        }
    }

    return root;
}

[courtesy David Elliott ([e-mail]). Similar code is in ssetroot, a
version of xsetroot distributed with tvtwm. 2/91]

A header file by Andreas Stolcke of ICSI on ftp.x.org:contrib/vroot.h
functions similarly by providing macros for RootWindow and DefaultRootWindow;
code can include this header file first to run properly in the presence of a
virtual desktop.

(Note the possible race condition.)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 160)  Can I rely on a server which offers backing store?

    You can assume only that the X server has the capability of doing
backing store and that it might do so and keep your application's visuals
up-to-date without your program's involvement; however, the X server can run
out of resources at any time, so you must be able to handle the exposure
events yourself. You cannot rely on a server which offers backing store to
maintain your windows' contents on your behalf.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 161)  How do I catch the "close window" event to avoid "fatal IO error"?

    Several windows managers offer a function such as f.kill or f.delete
which sends a message to the application that it should delete its window;
this is usually interpreted as a shutdown message.
    The application needs to catch the WM_DELETE_WINDOW client message.
There is a good example in the xcalc sources in X11R5.
    Motif-based applications should in addition set the resource
XmNdeleteResponse on the top-level shell to XmDO_NOTHING, whether they are
using the Motif window manager or not.
    If the application doesn't handle this message the window manager may
wind up calling XKillClient, which disconnects the client from the display and
typically gives an Xlib error along the lines of "fatal IO error 32 (Broken
pipe)".

[Thanks to Kaleb Keithley, [e-mail]; 11/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 162)  How do I keep a window from being resized by the user?

    Resizing the window is done through the window manager; window managers
can pay attention to the size hints your application places on the window, but
there is no guarantee that the window manager will listen. You can try setting
the minimum and maximum size hints to your target size and hope for the best.
    Note that you may wish to reconsider your justification for this
restriction.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 163)  How do I keep a window in the foreground at all times?

    It's rather antisocial for an application to constantly raise itself
[e.g. by tracking VisibilityNotify events] so that it isn't overlapped --
imagine the conflict between two such programs running.
    The only sure way to have your window appear on the top of the stack
is to make the window override-redirect; this means that you are temporarily
assuming window-management duties while the window is up, so you want to do
this infrequently and then only for short periods of time (e.g. for popup
menus or other short parameter-setting windows).

[thanks to der Mouse ([e-mail]); 7/92]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 164)  How do I make text and bitmaps blink in X?

    There is no easy way.  Unless you're willing to depend on some sort of
extension (as yet non-existent), you have to arrange for the blinking yourself,
either by redrawing the contents periodically or, if possible, by playing games
with the colormap and changing the color of the contents.

[Thanks to [e-mail] (der Mouse), 7/91]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 165)  How do I get a double-click in Xlib?

    Users of Xt have the support of the translation manager to help
get notification of double-clicking.
    There is no good way to get only a double-click in Xlib, because the
protocol does not provide enough support to do double-clicks.  You have to do
client-side timeouts, unless the single-click action is such that you can defer
actually taking it until you next see an event from the server.  Thus, you
have to do timeouts, which means system-dependent code.  On most UNIXish
implementations, you can use XConnectionNumber to get the file descriptor of
the X connection and then use select() or something similar on that.
    Note that many user-interface references suggest that a double-click
be used to extend the action indicated by a single-click; if this is the case
in your interface then you can execute the first action and as a compromise
check the timestamp on the second event to determine whether it, too, should
be the single-click action or the double-click action.

[Thanks to [e-mail] (der Mouse), 4/93]

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 166)  How do I render rotated text?

    Xlib intentionally does not provide such sophisticated graphics
capabilities, leaving them up to server-extensions or clients-side graphics
libraries.
    Your only choice, if you want to stay within the core X protocol, is to
render the text into a pixmap, read it back via XGetImage(), rotate it "by
hand" with whatever matrices you want, and put it back to the server via
XPutImage(); more specifically:
    1) create a bitmap B and write your text to it.
    2) create an XYBitmap image I from B (via XGetImage).
    3) create an XYBitmap Image I2 big enough to handle the transformation.
    4) for each x,y in I2, I2(x,y) = I(a,b) where
        a = x * cos(theta) - y * sin(theta)
        b = x * sin(theta) + y * cos(theta)
    5) render I2
    Note that you should be careful how you implement this not to lose
bits; an algorithm based on shear transformations may in fact be better.
    The high-level server-extensions and graphics packages available for X
also permit rendering of rotated text: Display PostScript, PEX, PHiGS, and GKS,
although most are not capable of arbitrary rotation and probably do not use the
same fonts that would be found on a printer.
    In addition, if you have enough access to the server to install a font
on it, you can create a font which consists of letters rotated at some
predefined angle. Your application can then itself figure out placement of each
glyph.

[courtesy der Mouse ([e-mail]), Eric Taylor
([e-mail]), and Ken Lee ([e-mail]), 11/90;
Liam Quin ([e-mail]), 12/90]

    InterViews (C++ UI toolkit, in the X contrib software) has support for
rendering rotated fonts in X.  It could be one source of example code.
[Brian R. Smith ([e-mail]), 3/91]
    Another possibility is to use the Hershey Fonts; they are
stroke-rendered and can be used by X by converting them into XDrawLine
requests. [[e-mail], 10/91]

    The xrotfont program by Alan Richardson ([e-mail])
(posted to comp.sources.x July 14 1992) paints a rotated font by implementing
the method above and by using an outline (Hershey) font.
    The xvertext package by Alan Richardson ([e-mail]) is a
set of functions to facilitate the writing of text at any angle.  It is on
ftp.x.org as contrib/xvertext.5.0.shar.Z.

    O'Reilly's X Resource Volume 3 includes information from HP about
modifications to the X fonts server which provide for rotated and scaled text.
The modifications are on ftp.x.org in contrib/hp_xlfd_enhancements.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 167)  Why doesn't my multi-threaded X program work (sic) ?

You cannot use non-thread aware, non-reentrant libraries with threads.

If you must do this, you have only one choice: call the functions from the
initial thread only.

Why opening windows from other threads causes protocol errors can be
explained easily: you are accessing shared resources (the display
structure, the connection to the display, static data in the Xlib) from
a number of threads at the same time, without using any form of
exclusive access control.

[Thanks to [e-mail] (Casper H.S. Dik)]

Support for multi-threaded X programs (Xlib and Xt) will be in X11R6.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: 168)  What is the X Registry? (How do I reserve names?)

    There are places in the X Toolkit, in applications, and in the X
protocol that define and use string names. The context is such that conflicts
are possible if different components use the same name for different things.
    The X Consortium maintains a registry of names in these domains:
orgainization names, selection names, selection targets, resource types,
application classes, and class extension record types; and several others.
    The list as of 7/91 is in the directory mit/doc/Registry on the R5
tape. The current Registry is also available by sending "send docs registry"
to the xstuff mail server.
    To register names (first come, first served) or to ask questions send
to [e-mail]; be sure to include a postal address for confirmation.

[11/90; condensed from Asente/Swick Appendix H; 1/94]
----------------------------------------------------------------------


David B. Lewis                     [e-mail]

        "Just the FAQs, ma'am." -- Joe Friday
--
David B. Lewis        Temporarily at but not speaking for Visual, Inc.
day: [e-mail]    evening: [e-mail]